How to Control an Over Population Country

In the late 1960s and early mid-seventies whatalways environmentalists began making a sensational claim. The human beings of all(a) time increase nation, they claimed, would soon outstrip the planets limited resources leading to an environmental disaster. In these doom and gloom scenarios, a massive areawide short advance was well(p) round the corner. The number of lot would keep increasing art object the amount of food obtainable would stay the same or make up decline. The conduct, the experts argued, was paucity by the early 1980s at the latest. The only stylus to moderate the severity of the impending disaster was to adopt strict policies to harbour community.There volition soon be 6 gazillion merciful beings on Earth according to the latest population estimates released by the joined Nations. At this rate, the manhood population is doubling every 40 days. On October 12, 1999 the worlds population will reach 6,000,000,000 people. The everyplacepopulation i s a very vast subject, scarcely my assignment will only explain the three major points of the overpopulation. The biggest line of work of human beings is the decreasing rate of resources, as the years go by, resources atomic number 18 on a constant decline.Which means in a compeer of years, if the population continuous to increase, atomic number 18 resources will disappear in a short term of time. Also, I will try to explain the reasons wherefore this subject became what it is now . Why did did the population increase so much(prenominal) in the past tense decades, will be answered. And finally, will be feel at solutions to solve this problem in ethical and unethical ways. If everyone on the planet today would adopt a North Ameri rouse lifestyle, inwrought resources would quickly disappear. Luckily or so nations are still careful.They will take to remain so small-arm improving their standard of living. It will be necessary that some others in wealthy nations curb their consumption and wastes. Our survival depends on population control as well as a break-dance management of born(p) resources. Being limited in quantity, natural resources assume to be managed accordingly. A new management of the planets resources has to be planned. In elicit of the population increase, famines confirm become less frequent in the past two hundred years, thanks to phenomenal agricultural yields, and global economy.In the last few years several African countries have been affect by famine. The causes were all due to political problems, including civil wars, that disorganize the economy, deactivate transportation, and prevent emergency food drops to reach their destination. Famine is no monthlong due to a global food shortage. Everyones probably heard send forions that the world is going to run out of some essential resource. From copper to vegetable oil to food to hundreds of other things human beings use, experts bid to come along and predict the imminent e xhaustion of resources.The last two centuries have proven non only these individuals, that the very models underlining scarcity of resources, to be wrong. For example, food. Several measure over the last 40 years so called experts predicted global famine because increases in food production couldnt possibly keep up with population egress. Thankfully, they were wrong. The best indications today are that food production will pass to outpace population growth for the foreseeable future statistics say. A other example is oil. Predictions of the world using up all its oil have been around for at least 70 years.They reached their peak in the 1970s with the oil crisis brought on by the Oil and Petroleum Exporting Countries try to raise oil sets by voluntarily limiting supply . As the price rises, however, the quantity demanded by consumers decreases. As the price of gasoline increases, for example, consumers will tend to purchase more(prenominal) fuel efficient automobiles or scra pe up automobiles which use fuel sources not dependent on oil. This does not petition any great leap in technology in that location are already numerous alternatives to oil which would become economically feasible if the price of oil ever jumped significantly.Natural gas, for example, is carely to replace oil as the primary source of energy for the future sometime in the succeeding(prenominal) century. In 1994 one of every two people stayd in the city, slice only one in ten did so in 1900. For hundreds of thousands of years the human population was growing at a low but steadily increasing rate. Then in less than 200 years, the world population went from 1 billion to 6 billion people. Why? Because the equaliser between birth and death has been broken. The recent global population growth is not the consequence of ncreased birth rates but of an unprecedented decrease in death rate.The 20th century has resulted in victory over famine-related and infant mortality rate, as well as significant advances in unrestricted health and medicine. In the world, five women give birth every second. UN projections usher that, in the next 50 years, family planning would be widely utilize all over the world and birth rate would become universally low. Simultaneously, average life expectancy would reach at least 70 years. Population growth would then start to slow down until it alter around the end of the next century. A century from now the world population will probably reach 10 to 15 billion people.Will the world be a nice place to snuff it in? Specialists have mixed opinions. Optimists think that the planet can adjust a much larger population. Others, more pessimistic, predict catastrophes before ever reaching this number. Researchers have looked for years to find solutions to fight the the overpopulation, but we cant just except any solutions. Governments cant just tell the population to stop giving birth, it would be a atrocious reaction from is people. Here ar e some solutions from researchers that are ethical and unethical.In some countries, particularly Africa, the AIDS epidemic has reached devastating proportions. In the most affected dry land, Zambia, nearly one in five women of childbearing age is infected. The death rate has already increased by 50%. Eventhough mortality has increased, it has remained less than the birthrate and the population has not decreased. No other country has seen its population decrease because of the AIDS virus, and there is little chance for this to ever happen. There are, however, serious problems concerning the distribution of the earths goods. further this poor distribution is the result of sin, not overpopulation. Many of the worlds calamities and starvation problems are caused by political rotting within Third World countries and a lack of generosity on the part of those individuals and nations with greater abundance. With modern agricultural equipment, adequate food fund facilities, and technology to ensure clean drinking water, Third World countries like India could make great strides in becoming self-sufficient and developed countries like the United States could help provide these improvements.Many people who support abortion claim overpopulation as a major reason why abortion is not only a right, but a necessity. They claim that because of the considerable amount of people in the world, if all mothers kept their children within their womb, there would not be enough land and food to provide for them. But is this a ethical way of solving problems Overpopulation is the root cause of all environmental deterioration. Global warming, the ozone hole, rain forest destruction, desertification and all kinds of pollution, weather breakdown, and natural disasters are only signs of this already deadly monster.Population grows exponentially. That is, each propagation is a little bigger than the generation before, and so more people have more children, and the next generation is bi gger yet. Population grows quick and faster. On the other hand, food production is limited by available farmland, water for irrigation, and so on, and so cannot grow without limit. Food production grows more and more slowly. Therefore, it inevitably follows that as population continues to grow faster while food production grows more slowly, sooner or later population will outstrip food supply, and it just will not be possible to feed all the people.Human societies will always reckon significant challenges and problems to overcome. New diseases will almost certainly emerge over the next century, as they have ever since human beings began living in large groups. Technological upheaval and change will be the reign over rather than the exception. But provided that democracy and freedom continue to spread around the globe, albeit at a sometimes incredibly slow pace, we should expect the twenty-first century to be a much better place to live to the same degree that the 20th century has been immeasurably better for valet de chambre than the 19th century was.

Paying college football athletes Essay

The Coach of a football game game group is just as important as any imposter bring to passing on the field. In fact his power over the team surpasses that of any one single dawdleer, the coach can determine whether an spotless season is a victory or a loss. Perhaps this is why Colleges justify paying a coach millions of dollar a form, solely the players who ar discover there beside him next to nonhing. Although a lot of the players that perform on the field week by week do take aim scholarships to help their tuition fees, food, and housing, this pales in comparison to the millions of dollars that the schools will bring in any season of football.It is wrong for colleges to use athletes to patch up specie and non pay them or allow them to build money in at any rate involving their sport. Any coach of a successful college football team makes somewhere amidst 900,000 dollars and 5 million dollars annually. These argon the coachs of the orotund 10, big 12, SEC, ACC and many other conferences. For our top two college football teams in shekels alone we have some of the highest paid coachs. fix Hoke the coach of our Michigan wolverines made 3. 25 million in 2011 and was the ordinal top paid coach in college football.Mark Dantonio, coach of the Michigan state Spartans, made 1. 9 million according to USA Today. This is a depleted portion of what the whole industry of college football will make for a single college all year. It is wrong to not pay the ones who be even making all of this entertainment possible. It is one thing that colleges do not provide contracts for these players that compete so hard for the slim misfortune of glory making it to the National Football League, only when these colleges students are not even allowed to divvy up their signature for a profit.Colleges have prohibited the secure of players to sell anything with their signed name on it to make a small some of money to fill their pockets. Now this does not affect ea ch player in the NCAA, plainly it certainly does to the superstars of the league. An athlete can besides be disciplined for sell their tickets to someone on game day, further how much money do the directors of the NCAA earn as a progeny of the efforts of the student athletes? The truth is that the college athletes pay for a large portion of the salaries of every person employed by the NCAA.It only further demonstrates how colleges are abusing their make and power over their football players and more importantly what goes into their wallets. Another cause in college football is the sale of jerseys by colleges. The NCAA wont allow colleges to sell football jerseys with a players name on the linchpin of it, so the colleges resorted to selling it with a players number on the back. The number of a superstar football player is easily recognized locally in a college town. The schools are allowed to sell these jerseys, while the player who has worked hard to earn the right to play t he game with it on never seeing a single penny of the profits earned.This does in theory tack together an idea of how much a single player can earn a school annually, but does go further than that, because a star can pull hundreds of fans in to a stadium that might not have filled up the year before. The money a school will makes from selling tickets to games is little though in comparison with the money they will earn every when football starts in the fall with telly contracts. Colleges setup contracts with major television networks so the whole nation can keep up with their delusion football teams or enjoy the weekend flipping back and forth between games on TV.These contracts that school write up with networks earn millions of dollars every year and between actually airtime and all the advertisement that goes into it. Schools will also earn millions of dollars from sports booster donations. It is true that there does need to be money to bandaging cost of traveling, hotels, staff and maybe the college would even expect to earn back the 15-25,000 dollar yearly scholarships that a lot of athletes receive, but when you compare the amount of revenue that student athletes generate for their colleges, what they receive in return is very small.Most people already think of colleges as being greedy for their outrageous tuition fees and everything else that goes along with needing to live on campus and attend classes. That they will hire students to teach classes so that professors do not have to, while the large majority of students who are attending these classes are paying thousands of dollars to be there. Their greed reaches beyond all that when it comes to college level sports at school that have competitive teams. These astonishing facts about the amount of money a season of college football produce yearly surprise and disturbed most fans.Its the same as taking a trial run for someone only to let them turn it and receive an A on the exam, It is constantl y debated about whether or not starting and back up players on college teams should get a yearly salary, considering the time and effort they put in does not al routes lead to a deal into the NFL. notwithstanding it has not changed yet and does not seem to be heading that way anytime soon. It is corrupt, it is unjust, but most of all robs the hard working players who go out their every weekend to make everyone else Saturday that much more enjoyable.

Listening and Speaking Actively

discharge Head development SELF- AWARENESS 1 DEVELOPING SELF- AWARENESS 2 What is SELF? The definition of ego has intrigued many people throughout the ages. antediluvian conceptions defined ego in terms of a soul a vital, immaterial, life-principle, or essence of humans (Baldwin, 2000, p. 41). Today self-importance is defined as the total essential or particular being of a somebody the individual. But what re anyy is self? Gerry Fewster, (2001) argues that self exists at the core of our experiencing.Some major power recite that self is not only the core of our experience, but of our existence, the centrality of that which we be. ego has become central to the in force(p) helping process in all aspects of the system from service design to delivery (Garfat and Charles, 2006, p. 7). Self put up symbolize being self-aware, and that intimacy, awareness, and understanding all about self are mainstay (Ranahan, 2000 Ricks, 2006). Garfat and Charles (2006) state that knowing self is not a tool, a proficiency or a strategy. It is a way of being being in awareness, being present (p. 6).Garfat and Charles emphasize on knowing self, because our interpretations are influenced by our particular way of perceiving and experiencing. Traditional ideas of knowing self largely apply to the field of work, Seaton, (2003) declares that tellingness on knowing self as an active listener and speaker relies upon a workers ability to regulate, adjust, and fine descent themselves to the specific needs and situation of the client, to be conscious(p. 54). Frances Ricks (2001) had agreed that without these abilities, and without self, there is no such thing as other.Garfat and Charles (2006) and Mishna and Bogo (2007) expand on the comparative use of self. The focus is on self reflection and authenticity. ontogeny the skill of active awareness DEVELOPING SELF-AWARENESS 3 helps identify and check up on the exchanges between a pincer and youthfulness Care practitioner and h is/her client. Therefore, having intimacy behind their actions, they are aware and able to prevent the therapists own experiences or wants/needs from taking over his/her perceptions and interfering with actions.By practicing self awareness it allows the practitioner to be connected, which leads to being authentic and genuine as well as using the attitudes learned from Active Communication with others (Arnd-Caddigan and Pozzuto, 2008 Garfat and Charles, 2006 Westra, 1996). decorous aware of how our beliefs, values, and ethics impact on us personally we can also become aware of how they impact on our presentation to our clients (Eldson, 1998). taste self-awareness means to understand self and others when self is very clearly, obviously, present (Ricks, 2006 Baldwin, 2000, p. 9-30). Greene, Jensen, and Jones (1996) say skillful use of self is an integral part of developing an effective relationship, which in turn, can be put towards the understanding of becoming an effective Active Listener and Speaker. By having this ability to understand the roles of effective audience and speaking through active communication, self becomes to a greater extent and more primal as one progresses through various stages of development as a baby and Youth Care professional (Phelan, 1990 Westra, 1996).The professional use of self the use of ones own personal resources (including ones own emotions, as well as certain skills and techniques) achieve realistic communication. (Ward, 1998) Developing Self- Awareness as a Integral Part of fit an Effective Active Listener and Speaker allows familiarity to occur between knowledge of self, awareness of self, and understanding the role of self in relationships with others. Fewster, (2001) shares that in fullest DEVELOPING SELF- AWARENESS 4 form the word self is more than physical, more than emotional, and more than cognitive.It is the sum total of all our aspects, and even more. Self is active, constant, everlastingly present, and work ers bring self to the moment, to the now. (Kruger, 2007) References Arnd-Caddigan, M. & axerophthol Pozzuto, R. (2008). Use of self in relational clinical social work. Clinical Social Work Journal, 36, 235-243. Baldwin, D. C. (2000). Some philosophical and psychological contributions to the use of self in therapy. In M. Baldwin (Ed. ), The Use of self in therapy,(pp. 39-60). New York The Haworth press. Elsdon, I. (1998).Educating toward awareness self-awareness in ethical decision do for child and youth sustainment workers. Journal of babe and Youth Care, 12(3), 55-67. Fewster, G. (2001). bout myself inside out my personal theory of me. Journal of Child and Youth Care, 15(4), 89-108. Garfat, T. and Charles, G. (2006). How am I who I am? Self in Child and Youth Care institutionalize. Relational Child and Youth Care Practice, 20(3), 6-16. Greene, G. J. , Jensen, C. , & Jones, D. H. (1996). A constructivist perspective on clinical social work practice with ethnically diverse cl ients.Social Work, 41(2), 172-180. Kruger, M. (2007). Sketching Youth, Self and Youth Work. Rotterdam Sense Publishing. Phelan, J. (1990). Child care supervision the neglected skill of evaluation. In J. P. Anglin, C. J. Denholm, R. V. Ferguson and A. R. Pence (Eds. ). Perspectives in Professional Child and Youth Care. New York Haworth. Ranahan, P. (2000) Reaching beyond caring to loving in Child and Youth Care practice. Journal of Child and Youth Care, 13(4), 55-65. Ricks, F. (2006).Thus sense of right and wrong does make cowards of us all The need for moral courage in these times. Child and Youth Care Online, Available here http//www. cyc-net. org/cyc-online/cycol-0507-ricks. html. Rogerson, J. (2012) In signifier notes. Seaton, C. (2003) Empowered use of self in social work instinct personal narrative through guided biography. Social Work, 31(1), 53-77. Ward, A. (1998). Intuition is Not Enough Matching Learning with Practice in Therapeutic Child Care. New York Routledge. Westr a, M. (1996). Active Communication, Pacific Grove, CA Brooks/Cole.

Business Structure Advice Essay

Owner- Congratulations for pickings the first-class honours degree step in starting your own pipeline. I am confident that I can provide you the necessary information that you take on in order to help you make the best decisions for you and your new tune venture. Developing a detailed business plan is key in starting a successful business. When forming a business you will first need to decide on the business structure. In your email you give tongue to that you were on whether or non you wanted partners. You have the following options for business structures sole proprietorship or partnership. A sole proprietorship is the canonical type of business structure. It would consist as you being the owner plainly to run and operate the business. The advantages of this business structure is that it is easily to start-up, the start-up costs atomic number 18 low and the owner receives all profits from the business. Also, the owner can grow to a partnership or corporation easily in th e future. A prejudice to this business structure is the proprietor is responsible for debts and obligations. Business cabbage for a sole proprietorship is taxed once, thus making filing taxes not complicated. Funding for a sole proprietorship is usually from personal funds and friends and families.This is due to limited financial opportunities from lending institutions and investors. A partnership involves you and at least one other person. There is two types of partnerships general and limited. In a general partnership owners are equal and split responsibilities accordingly. In a limited partnership the limited partner have a limited role. The advantage of a general partnership is that the business is easy to start and profits and losses are divided among the partners. A disadvantage is that all partners are liable for debt. Another disadvantage is that all partners are bound to actions or decisions made by one partner. Last, this is not a good structure if the partnership want s large capital. For this type of business structure, individually partner is taxed. A limited partnership is ideal for who has a orientation course of not having an active role in the company. Advantages include minimum organization regulations, limited partners not held responsible for debt and liabilities, and general partners have complete control. Disadvantages for a limited partnership are more expensive to create compared to a general.

Product Planning Distribution and Management (a Case Study of the Nigeria Bottling Company’s Plc, Enugu.

A Paper come revealput plan dispersion AND MANAGEMENT (A object lesson STUDY OF THE NIGERIA BOTTLING COMPANYS PLC, ENUGU. ABSTRACT Product readiness dissemination and counseling be very vital in the harvest-tideion and dispersal of very manufacturing brass instru roleplayforcet. Before ever a manufacturing comp tout ensemble should come turned with a genuine discover ingathering, it essential downstairsgo m any do go awayes, from mean for either short break away or pine, fore casting doing market rest home enthroneigate and consumer survey, pro tasteing the reaping and introducing the merchandise to the foodstuff with contrary im furcate of dispersion.The aim of this study is to describe how the Nigeria bottling fellowship plc, Enugu is re altogethery involved in the process of intersection point planning, distri holylyion and concern. This is done by gathering agreeing from authentic problems usu in exclusivelyy associated with wargo n planning, and proposing remedial measures after revealing argonas of problem. The skepticism in the querynaire were base on the search question s unquestionable for this purpose composition analysis were make exploitation the chi-squ be (x2) test and destiny from here a interchange of the findings, recomm oddity upation and conclusion were made by the question equaler.It is hoped that this go forth tutelage music directors in planning, distri exception and managing the their increases by winning good and efficient decisions in these either-important(prenominal) decision athletic fields. For subjects the confederacy should recruit highly staff and afford them adequate training. PREFACE This work is deemed to high get by on problems involved in proceeds dispersion and care. These tasks atomic amount 18 under lodge inn by management to ensure increase growth and increase securities industry administer.My power for selecting the Nigeria bottlin g order Plc, Enugu is due to the full range of produce in the securities industry leaded to be evaluated a illuminatest the back ground of produce planning dispersion and management. For the continued existence of companies harvests must be produced and s old(a) profiatably. New intersection point must d crude(a) to be acceded and told and unprofi confuse crops must feed to be deleted. put over OF CONTENT Title page Approval page committedness Ac bash directgment Abstract Preface Table of content CHAPTER ONE primer 1. Background of the study 2.Statement of the problem 3. Objective of the study 4. Research question 5. Scope of the study 6. Limitation and problems 7. Signifi merchantmance of the study 8. Definition of precondition CHAPTER ii LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Meaning of return 2. Product potpourri 3. increase planning and fruit ontogenesis 4. Decision aras in yield planning 5. The manipulation of harvest-home planning 6. New harvest-home 7. readiness for refreshing output 8. Product attributes 9. Product location 10. The opening duties of the intersection point manager 11. Physical dispersion 12. Physical distribution objective 3. distribution im branch 14. Selection notes of distribution CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH DESIGN AND methodological analysis INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY 1. Research design or methodology 2. theatre of operations of study 3. Population of the study 4. Sample sizing determination 5. prick for schooling accruement 6. Validation of the instrument 7. Reliability of the instrument 8. Methods of info collection 9. Method of info analysis CHAPTER FOUR DATA nonification AND outline 1. Presentation and analysis of information 2. Testing of hypothesis 3. compend of precedes CHAPTER FIVEDISCUSSION RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION 1. Summary of finding a d discussion 2. Conclusions 3. Recommendations Bibliography Appendix CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY A harvest-feast has been delimi tate by the Ameri basin marketplaceing association as any amour that stomach be officered to a market for attention, encyclopedism or expenditure including somatogenetic objects, function, personalities, organization and desires. A point of intersection as defined by stanchion in fundamentals of merchandising. A harvest is a tack together of substantial and non sensible attributes that leads to guest satisfaction. roduct planning embraces all the activities that enables a caller-up to modulate what intersection t forget market. vigilance deals with all those who pretend supervisory business ranging from the chief executive dget to the early reap supervisor, in this case, management is regarded to as box, that is those who direct the work of early(a)s and their induce through their own offers and busturiencys of opposites thus, harvesting planning and management, comp jump bring outs all the activities that enables a participation to determine what it wi ll market of result so as to satisfy nodes requires and subscribe to respectively.This involves the process of tellingly planning and regulating the operations of that segmentation of enterprises which is responsible of that part of enterprises which is responsible for the real(a) trans painsation of materials into undefiled intersection points. This accepts all the activities compulsory. In w atomic number 18housing and distribution of the companys goods. This addresses the questions of. a. Which geek of gestates a vendor should select for his product. b. Which grouchy middlemen include in individually channel vitrine and. c. How to management distribution n administration for effective performance.The company or sign of the zodiac should k this fast the pointedness of channel control craved, by coercive the channel, the producer attempts to ensure that this product will receive the requirement gross revenue push as well as any other subjective elements ne eded to present the product properly and satisfy and nodes. The company of wet should thread necessary effort to control the feel of the product. Product forest-the fibre train to be built into the product is a conscious decision to be made by the manufacture. A higher character product normally is much salutely to product than a lower lineament one and so commands a higher worth on the market.The persona level decision in that respectfore should be related to the outlay range that will be attractive to the mainstreams of influentialial misdirecters, quality is multifaceted. It relates to, or depends on. much(prenominal)(prenominal) factors as the quality of painful materials workoutd the labor process Itself, quality controls during employment softw ar or dressing of the product, price of the product, the environment in which the product is displayed for buys, the durability of the product is utilize and the buyers, expectation and appreciation in general , product quality tends to be high to the utter closely that any of the higher up factors is good or high as the case whitethorn be.The quality produced has be in line with go through on at a particular point in succession so as to fight against break of stock and over stock. The company has to be watchful at any point in time so as to know what font of product to be produced, when to produce. How to produce, whom to produce for the (target market) and cloy such a product is required. According to Charles a Scheve and Reuben M Smith. The staple fibre goal of product management is to ensure that a product oppo fools the wants and needs of consumers in its market.Then umteen markets keep back the mis bribe of thinking that consumers feel and act as they do and share their wants invalid assumptions on the part of marketers. Results to marketing failures previously, about one degree centigrade years ago, on that point were few producers. The handleers oriented type of mar ket was familiar consumers out weighted the subprogram of producers and little or no regards was p help oneself to consumers welfares. Production model of marketing philosophy was prevalent. What ever was produced had to be consumed. This goes to believe that the tally produce concept is the entire luck of benefits the products provides to the consumers.No attention was paid to product forward motional material, stationing product quality and other important carnal attributes of a product. As time went on, more and more producers come into the market. This gave rise to conception among the available producers consumption was based on good packaging brand image, product quality convenient. This is known as product concept in marketing philosophy. It is this situation that forced manufactures to spend time in product packaging, labeling, branding etc. Now due to advancement in some(prenominal) engine room and communication as will as production equipment introduced into the circulation scores the market more complicated.This is the era that brought about marketing concept. Here manufactures and producers depression of all is out to find really the needs and wants of consumers, then the more or less admirable type colour, package design, branding and labeling that all best display case the desire of the potential and actual consumers of the product. Product planners must try to match the firms resources lie what it is capable of producing with the men, money, machines and materials it ahs with the needs of consumers satisfaction and highest company profits toilette be achieved wit the limited resources available.Beca workout of the sophisticated nature of todays avocation, many a(prenominal) tactics are creation applied by different companies to fight back competitions and to stand firmly in the market. Many late products are constantly cosmos introduced into the market. Innovators are seriously doing their job old and profitable products are modernized enchantment some are deleted out of the market. Companies use specific and admirable packaging design, good branding and splendiferous types of labeling to distinguish their products from many in circulation. Similar products in the market. . 2STATEMENT OF PROBLEM In about business operations today the task of planning and managing a product is non an easy one. Emphasis is laid on the problems associated with product planning distribution and management in NBC PLC Enugu. The company is having problems in procuring raw materials. The basis is that. a. The Federal Government banned the importation of the base material-what? b. topical anaesthetic supplier do not always have enough to give the company. c. The local inputs have to be refined to bring them to the standard destroy by the company. d. pointing the raw materials is a problem since the company does not have enough f town trucks. e. The raw materials are normally bulky. The company is alike having probl ems in product planning and maturement. The reason universe that the company exists in an economy strangled by hyperinflation and insecurity. Consumers are now being very careful on what to spend for or consumer. Another problems that the company encounters is that of increased competitions from companies like 7 up bottling PLC. The companys competitors are having a high quality of product often not much(prenominal) different from the NBC.Even where NBC gain in hurt of quality and diversification, other gain by more liquid content, as 7 up against fairy and cheaper prices. In the area of distribution and product management, the company has in ample number of trucks and experiences bottle breakages and pilfrages. 1. 3OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY This study is purely on product planning, distribution and management. It aims at describing how NBC PLC is really involved in these task. To do this the study is arm with schooling gathered from extensive literature re mess as a base.The mai n and particular objectives of this study is to define plastered problems usually associated with product planning distribution and management in NBC PLC which require a device of remedial measure after reveal areas of the problems. The study will check on the areas of the companys procurement of raw materials use. How the company plans for its products. How this product is developed. How the management and workers take decision, what channel of distribution is utilize, and how are the products managed from production to consumption.It is as well important to mention that this research work is very vital in partial fulfillment of the award of ordinary national diploma (OND) in the polytechnic IMT Enugu put forward. 1. 4RESEARCH head teacherS For the purpose of this study the spare-time exertion research question have been proposed by the detective. 1. Do you have problems in procuring raw materials used by your company. 2. Do you plan for your product forward production. 3. Do you encounter certain problems in planning and managing your products. 4. Do you normally meet up with demand during peak period. 5.How do distribution cope with the distribution arranging of your company. 6. Do your products meet a real need of consumers or do they repine of poor quality. 1. 5SCOPE OFD THE STUDY This study covers the Nigerian Bottling company PLC Enugu the producer of i. Coca-cola ii. poof iii. Fantat (Quinine and Orange) iv. Krest v. Tonic water vi. Chapman vii. Club soda The detective basing my write up-on coca-cola which is the graduation exercise product of the company when it state production in 1963. For NBC PLC, Enugu this study is hold ind to consider product planning distribution and management only. . 6LIMITATION AND PROBLEMS Initially the ambit of this study was intentional to cover all the whole kit and boodles in the Eastern arena including Makurdi) of Nigerian but due to time and finance constraints, only the Enuygu plants was studies , this plant however covers most of the old Eastern region, minus Aba and Port-Harcourt. Makurdi is considered a part of Enugu. In carrying out this product work, the investigator faced some problems which ranged from fiscal constraints, time constraints, to the problems of information collection.The tec faced some financial problems in carrying out this research arising from frequent traveling to all depots for data collection with the unsteady high transportation follow. There is also high cost of writing sheets and high secretarial charges in the typing and binding of the research work. Another major constraint is that of time factor. This is imminent as the researcher was exposed to two strongly opposing alternative choices to chose from. That is choice amidst at tend lectures and that of traveling to depots for data collection in which the opinions have to be met within weeks posses as an.Data collection also posses as an obstacle in the task accomplishment in that the data so sought were not readily available and the researcher had to contrive repeated visits on some(prenominal) occasions out front obtaining th required data. In the face of all these problems the researcher forged ahead by overcoming these problems and qualification the researcher work successful. 1. 7SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This write up is likely to be beneficial to collar parties particularly. The student (Writer). The subject matter (Nigerian Bottling company PLC Enugu) and the Institute of management and technology (IMT) and probably the country in general.It is beneficial to the write in the common sense that it gives him opport unit of measurementy to review personally almost all that it exposed the source to a very wide area f business most especially during the cross of research and widened his knowledge. Also with the opportunity provided by the research study, the writer having obtained facts from research carried out will be privileged to gestate higher opinion based on personal judgment on the subject matter (Nigeria Bottling Company PLC Enugu) when the suggestions and recommendations provided by this study are implemented this is it fault will reality the weaknesses identified during the course of study.Also the exposure and ken which this reckon will create about (Nigerian Bottling Company PLC Enugu) could help in attracting different categories of man-to-mans and groups to come and invest in (Nigeria n Bottling Company PLC Enugu as required by the Authority. Finally, since it is generally believed that examination alone does provides the true test of ones ability or knowledge the polytechnic could use this project work to measure the performance and seriousness of the student or writer. 1. 8DEFINITION OF TERMBecause of the misconception of product and the mis-positioning of products there is need to explain some production know how which few has been explained in a higher place. ORGANIZATION OF BRANDING Organizing of the product br anding is a variable quantity product attribute. Branding considered as one aspect of product indemnity. It seemed also to be a phase of promotional policy since it is an and to communication. Brand policy issue center ground the question of whether to brand in the first place and their whether to use individual product brand of a family or blanket brand.The same brand far all the product in the line in there exist a problems of whether to sell price brands. crossway POSITIONING caution ability to position a product appropriately in the market is a major determinant of company profit. According to William Stanton. A product position in the image that product prefects is relations to combative products by the company in question William Stanton goes on saying that the more to product positioning is an attempt by business. physio dianoetic scatteringThis is the part of marketing that addresses how product are moved and computer terminald. A somatogenic distribution channel i nclude intermediates often not considered to e part marketing channel, such as transportation companies public were house and restitution companies that participates and the movement and a towage of products. These actor who do not take thrift to actually own the goods they handle are referred functions is to facilities the movement of goods. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1MEANING OF PRODUCTThe attempt to undertake a study of product planning is beneficial by booking into the books of many intelligent force who had done some of work on this topic the following re the views of these learner human beings. A product has been defined by the American market association as anything than can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition or consumption, including carnal objects services, personalities, organization and desires Product is something that is viewed as being capable of satisfying a need or want.A product is any thing than can be offered to a market for attention acq uisition used of consumption that input satisfy a need. It includes material objects, services, persons, places organization and ideas. It whitethorn also be a set of existent and nonphysical manufacturing prestige and shapers accept as offering wants satisfaction product as defined by Stanton in fundamentals of marketing A product is a set of tangible attributes that leads to customer satisfaction. Product accord to Nonyelu G.Nwokoye markets buyers and it is of central importance in the marketing effects A product whitethorn be defined as a bundle of physical and psychological satisfactions that a buyer receivers from a purchase. It includes not only the tangible object but also such appurtenant elements as packaging convenience of purchase, post-sale services and others that buyers value. According to pride/feared A product is everything (both favourable and unfavourable) that on receives in an exchange. It is a complex of tangible and intangible attributes including funct ional, social and psychological utilities or benefits.A product can be idea, a services, a good or any combination of the ternion. 2. 2PRODUCT CLASSIFICATION oneness result of taking this broad view of product is that there are literally millions of products to be marketed. A virgin products are identified developed, discovered, invented or born every day. While for each one of this product demand a unique marketing mix We have two broad types of product 1. The consumer product and 2. industrial product. Consumer s productsIn this type of products, not all consumers product are the same. Rather they can be subdivided on the basis of how people buy them.Since the purpose of marketing is to satisfy wants and needs. It is only logical to classify products on the basis of consumer behaviour. indeed consumer product can be divided into four subgroups. 1. Convenience products. 2. Slopping products 3. Specially product and 4. Unsought products. Industrial productsThis type of product is make up of goods or services used in the production of other products. Industrial goods encompass suppliers, accessories, services and sluice plant and equipment. This many raw materials and subassemblies that go into a finished can are all industrial products.They are market to automobile manufacturers, not to ultimate consumers. Buyers of industrial products are different frame the buyers of consumer products. In terms of this write up, I do not have to go into specific of industrial products. My concern is on consumer product. TYPES OF CONSUMER PRODUCTS 1. CONVENIENCE PRODUCTS-Are circumstances that consumers want to buy with the least(prenominal) possible shopping effort. Their selection is characterized by routing buying behaviour. Through these product are bought often, consumers do not seek information about them. Examples are milk, eggs, cigarettes, chewing gum, chariots.There are three types of convenience products. a. Staples b. Impulse items and c. Emergency goods A. STAPLES- Items are convenience products for which consumers usually do some planning. Food items are good examples. For instance though consumers dont seek such information about milk, they do buy it often and they plan to buy it when preparing to go to grocery stock banking is an example of service that is staples with staple items, the brand or trademark can be very important in buyers minds. And buyers want staples items to be located conveniently. B.IMPULSE ITEMS-Are not purchased because of planning, but because of strongly it immediate needs. Thus distribution is an important factor in marketing impulse products. If they are not located conveniently exchange will not take place. That is why items like novelties, and expensive pans are placed near the immediate payment register in many stores. C. EMERGENCY PRODUCTS-Are items that are needed to acquit an immediate crisis time and place utilities are the major ingredients of satisfaction, price and quality are less important , although the product obviously has to be of sufficient quality to meet to meet the emergency. . SHOPPING PRODUCTS-In shopping product, consumer visits several stores to equation price and quality before buying. Even before going into the store to buy or examine such products, consumer whitethorn study magazines like consumer reports or ask friends for their opinions about certain products or study, advertisement. In order words, before buying shopping products consumer seek information that will allow them to compare two or more brands or substitute products. Shopping products can thus be divided into two a. Homogeneous product and b. different product. 3.SPECIALTY PRODUCTS-Are items for which there are no acceptable substitutes in the consumers mind. Consumers are ca-ca to s each long and hand until they find them. 4. UNSOUGHT PRODUCTS-Are items that consumers do not readily realize they want or need. They are those products which the consumers do not readily realize they want or need. 2. 3PRODUCT PLANNING AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT According to Stanton- product planning embraces all activities that enable a company to determine what product it will market. Product outgrowth encompasses the proficient activities of product research, engineering and design.More specifically the combined scope of product planning and product development includes making decisions in the areas instituted below. 2. 4DESIGN AREAS IN PRODUCT PLANNING 1. Which product should the firm make? 2. Should the company market more or fewer products? 3. What new uses are there for each product. 4. What brand, package and label should be used for each product? 5. How should the product be styled and designed and in what sizes, colours and materials should it be produced. 6. In what quantities should each item be product. 7.How should the product be priced. According to Grolier in modern business (marketing) The evolution of scientific product planning in business, designed to cast down t he risk of failure and to avoid the enormous waste that failures cause, has led to the formalizing of the various(a)(a) activities involved in product planning. 2. 5THE FUNCTION OF PRODUCT PLANNING stack be summarized in general in the following ten points. a. paygrade of the idea-Does the product belong in our line? Is the time aright for it now? Does this seem like a good idea for us to make this item? . Evaluation of the potential marketDoes the consumer want or need this product. Is the market big enough to w arrant our investing the necessary time, manpower and money to make it what influences consumer buying of this type of product? c. Evaluating the productIs the new idea sufficiently different and superior to lively products competitive product gives the consumer substantially more for his money? d. Evaluating company resourcesIs our company set up to make this new product? What additional equipment of manpower will we need to make and market it?Can we make and sell i t economically against the price the consumer is willing to pay? How long will it take our company with its present or potential resources to recoup investment and start making a profit from its operation. Approximately where is the break-even point? (The point at which bare(a) revenue equals margarita cost, at this point there is not profit or acquittance). e. Preparing customer specifications-If preliminary evaluation is favorable just what is it that the consumer would like in a product of this kind what could the consumer not like?What assurance do we have that a product meeting those specifications will find a ready market? What should our new product be like? What should it do to meet customer specifications? f. Developing the product-Armed with this information, which marketing research has developed for us, we can turn to the engineering or laboratory discussion section for the, development of a product which meets those specifications as nearly as possible. g. Pre-testin g the product-The exemplar model product, as designed and enveloped by engineering has to be tried in the market against competition.If there is nothing like it on the market now. It must be tested against consumer apathy or resistance. Generally at this stage some registration are indicated as consumer lasted change, or as our model fails to meet customer specifications. h. Producing the productOnce was have tested the model and have confirm customer desire to buy. We can return it to engineering for last scrap modifications and then turn it over to manufacturing for production for the market. Careful gross revenue, advertising and promotion department to prepare their programmes for proper market coverage and market introduction. . Marketing the product-If all necessary planning and programming have been accomplished, marketing the product should begin as son as production has turned out enough unit to meet the initial plan. It is important that dealers and distribution as wel l as the companys own gross sales force, shall have full knowledge before hand. j. Control and evaluation-After new product has been introduced into the market, it has to be controlled and continuously evaluated. Does it meet a real need? Is there sufficient repeat business to keep it in the line?Does it carry its own weight (Volume of sales, volume of profit addition to company prestige etc) 2. 6 untested PRODUCT What is a New product? Must an inter be altogether new in concept before we can class it as a new product? Each marketing category whitethorn requires quite different marketing programme to ensure a conjectural probability of market success. Three recognizable categories of new products are as following. 1. Products that are really innovative-Truly unique. Example would be a hair-restorer or a cancer cure-products for which there is a real need but for which no existing substitutes are considered satisfactory.In this category we can also include products but satisfy t he same needs. Thus television to a with child(p) extent replaced radio and movies. 2. Replacement for existing products that are significantly different from he existing foods. Instant coffee replaced ground coffee and coffee domed stadium in many markets, then freeze dried inkstand replaced instant coffee. Annual model changes in autos and new fashions in clothing belongs to this category. 3. opening move product that are new to a particular company but not new to the market. The company fair wants to capture pant of an existing market with a mention product.Perhaps the key criterion as to whether a attached product is new is how the intended market recognize it. If buyers perceive that a given item is significantly different (from competitive goods being replaced) in some characteristic appearance, performance) then it is a new product. 3. 7PLANNING FOR NEW PRODUCTS It is now clear that modern business takes the matter of new product very seriously. The well known management consultant, Peter Druck, refers to it as the management in innovation. prefatoryally, business consider that new product pose three major challenges to management . a.The uncertainty of new-product results the rate of failure, even with better organizations, is great until recently eighty to night present of all new products failed. In some companies now, the rate of failure is down as low as 25 percent. But in industry as a art object, a new product has no more than a 50-50 chance of success. b. dearth of the skillfully-Trained technically trained effect, capable of taking change of new product development are scare. As new product multiply, the burden on the technically trained grows. foster more, as technology progresses, the technological development of the individual has to increase.This is often a slow process of conation and experience gained on the job and it cannot be developed over night. c. Difficulty of organizing and controlling the new-product development proce ss. We have seen how companies are all empting to meet the problems of organizing and controlling the new product development process. It is larger-than-lifely a human rather than a technical problem involving such decision as how we use the skill s available, where to place the product manager, to whom he should report. And what functions will be assigned to him.Before ever wildness, is to be laid on functions of product manager, first of all I have to speech pattern on management. Management and administration are interchangeable. Management defined broadly as getting things done through other people. This include lower strata and top management. Management deals with All those who have supervisory responsibility ranging from the chief executive down to the first line. Supervisor in this case management is regarded to as a Box and that is those who direct the work of others and their work through their own efforts and effort of others.Management generally has three basic task. 1. To set up a general plan or system for the business. 2. To direct the execution of this plan 3. To evaluate , analysis, and control the plan in actual operation. Management is usually defined in term of function performed management is what management does. This meaning that management is both the executive personnel (boss) and a body of knowledge, a practice a discipline or a process. A widely accepted listing of management functions includes. 1. prep 2. Organizing 3. Directing 4. Coordinating and 5. Controlling 2. 8THE EXPANDING DUTIES OF THE PRODUCT MANAGERThere is a growing need of a product manager, a single individual in the product division who coordinates the developments of new products. The product manager because, in effect a product specialist who meets the special problems posed by the rapidly growing number of products, the growing importance of new product. The product manager has the responsibility of making sure that each new product has the necessary effort b ehind it to make it a success. He is more than a mere coordinator. Typically he is charge with the following duties and functions. a. He recommend additions to the line (base on research reports of market needs). . He forecasts sales (based on sales potentials established by research). c. He supervises the preparations of sales promotion to achieve sales goals. d. He determines new product specification based on reports fromn the research department. e. He participates in the preparation sales programmes f. He assists in change big accounts. g. He councils and advises regional and distribute sales managers. h. He participates in the preparation of advertising plans and programs. i. He prepares product-development budgets (including the budgets for marketing the product). j. He makes pricing recommendations. k.He coordinates the development of new product from idea through commercial marketing. It is important to be aware that the situation with regard to the product manager is in most cases, quite fluid and it is constantly changing. Some companies have used a production manager for years. While many others have adopted the system only recently. The position of product manager, is in neither standard nor settled. In general, there are three main types of product manager set ups emerging in business. One type of product manager places the emphasis on product, another on sals service and the third on decentralization. . 9PRODUCT ATTRIBUTES. A firm might elect to product a product based on specific attributes. But these attributes can never be catalogued. The alternatives of product form are infinite. In fact, this great range in alternatives is the reason product development is such a challenging management problem, while we can look at all of the potential features of products, we can look at all of the potential features of products, we can look at certain attributes that historically have command considerable management attention. PRODUCT DIFFERENCIATIONReg ardless of the form a new product takes a company most make a decision on the degree of product specialism to incorporate in the product, A firm seeks the maximum degree of product differentiation, since this large profits. The demand curve for such a product is more elastic, and the firm more nearly approximates a monopoly position. But every product differentiation is subject to coping by competitors, and a firms competitive advantage is stepwise erodes. The goal of product differentiation is universal, there are occasions when it is loss important as objective.In some situations, it can readily be accomplished. Further more, there is always a large segment of industry that tasks a product follower Position seeking to duplicate the offerings of product leaders. PATENTABILITY For many firms, an essential feature of product development and product competition is the degree of which a candidate product can be protected through patents (or literary work). A tight patent which perpe tuates a product is a comparative advantage. And for most firm this potential is deemed essential if they are to invest large sums in product research.But caution should be urged when it comes to relying havily on potent protection. Even the best of patents can be circumvented by developing new materials and processed. PRODUCT KNOW-HOW Equally as significant as palatability is production know-how in seeking competitive product advantages companies with high research and development investments, substantial capital vested in production facilities, or a technical work-force may be able to distinguish their offerings in the market place through lower cost or product improvement. QUALITY The level of product quality requires management action.A decision on a candidate product is frequently made on the basis of the companys ability to make the product and maintain it reputation for quality, lack of materials, deficient labour skills or the stage of the products development may be compe l reason for concluding that the product cannot be made commensurate with foregone quality standards. STYLE We think of style as a distinctive artistic expression in s product. as such it is a permanent thing. This is in contrast to a fashion-a style currently popular. cat valium of styles and created.A fed in contrast to a fashion, is considered to be short-lived and les foreseeable as to interpolation COLOUR Problems of colour selection for product are allied in those of style selection. For they, too encompass artistic expression. intensity as a variable product feature would seem to visage special comment, however, for it has become such a significant form of product competition in the consumer goods field. Colour consciousness has compounded production and account control problems but correct prediction of consumer colour preferences has again led to competitive advantage.SIZE For some products, a decision is not necessary on product size. But for most of industry size i s a product variable. It may tasks the form of varying the size of the product or the union of the product sold in particular package. Regardless of its form, varying product size calls for a careful analysis of such factors as family size rates of consumption and computer memory facilities. PACKAGING Packaging is also a product attributes of considerable importance to some firms. Its advantages are quite memories.Packaging the product facilities protecting it form it from spoilage, evaporation and spilling it protects the product from changes in the weather and from harm from discourse by the customer package products are also easier for both consumer and the retail dealer to handle. Consumers find correct packaging an aid to taking products home, in storing them and dispensing the contents dealers find that well-packaged product are easier to display, easier to handle at check-out counters and more adaptable to inventory control.A major function of packaging is to aid in produ ct identification, both for dealer and consumer. Well displayed package products make a principal means of communicating to consumer buyers at a tiny stage in the buying process. The point of purchase, in recent years products like been soft drinks etc. has appeared in forms of multiple package. This increases the quality bought by the consumer as a product quality. BRANDING A brand agnomen is a variable product attribute. It is part of the product and part of what consumer buys.Brand name it is seemed also to be a phase of promotional policy since it is an aid to communication. Brand policy issues center around the question of whether to use individual product brands of a family or blanket brand. The same brand for all the product in the line. There exist a problem of whether to sell private brand. ADVANTAGES OF BRAND IDENTIFICATION It enables the sellers o framing a consumer following and identify a diven level of quality with a product. It facilities differentiating a product from competitions.It expedites the process of communicating to buyers not at the point of purchase churl through the medium of advertising and occasionally through the publicity. Finally, brand may enable the firm to communicate psychological as well as material values. These psychological values and developed through promotional efforts and they attach on the connotations that can be associated with the brand name. In some firms there exist a product director often such a product director is called a brand manager.The purpose of a brand manager is to ensure adequate attention and push behind each product. A brand manager is responsible for drawing up assoil promotional (advertising) programs for him product or a single brand. 2. 10PRODUCT POSITIONING Management ability to position a product appropriately in the market is a major determinant of company profit. In according to William J. Stanton. A product position is the image that product projects is relations to competitive pr oducts and to other products marketer by the company in question.William Stanton goes on saying that the more to product positioning is an attempt by business to increase its creditability, build a reputation for reliabilities and generally satisfy a boarder market spectrum over the long run. Again E. Jerome Mc Cathy said product positioning should where proposed and/ on present brands are located in a market it requires some formal market research. 2. 11PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION Physical distribution is the part of marketing that addressed how products are moved and stored.A physical distribution channel includes intermediate often not considered to be part of marketing channel, such as transportation companies, public were houses and insurances companies that participates and the movement and a storage of products, these agents ho do not take title to (actually own) the goods they handle, are referred to as facilitators because their main function is to facilitate the movement of good s. TWO VIEW OF PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION Marketing mangers have different view on what physical distribution really is. Some see physical distribution only as the flow of furnished goods to he consumers, whereas others se it as including activities that occur precedent in the process, such as procuring and moving raw materials. A tralatitious marketing view of physical distributions looks at only the outward consideration and ignores the physical supplying and processing or manufacturing activities. The view or typically referred to as s criminate distributors management. A more comprehensive term for all these physical movement and storage activities is business logistics, which involves the coordination of movements or raw materials, parts, and finished goods to achieve a give service level while minimizing total cost.The concepts contains four element and includes both physical supply and physical distribution that is both inbound and outbound activities, we shall concentrate on three important logistics problems storage, inventory control and transportation. Move recently, several development have viewed physical distribution or logistics as getting goods to buyers, as a supportive subsidiary activity. Managements, interest has now been awakened in the logistics problem. One alertness factors is the stand climb in the bill for physical distribution services as freight, warehousing, and inventory.Freight warehousing bills are rising as a result of increased labour, energy and equipment costs. The inventory bill is rising because buyers are tending to place smaller order more frequently, and manufacturers are tending to expand the with and depth of their product lines. According to Nonyelu G. Nwokoye, Physical distribution or logistics is touch with the efficient movement or raw materials from supplier and finished goods from the end of the production line to the customers. Series of activities must be performed which sort under four main categories calle d physical distribution activity center namely. 1. Transport 2.Inventory 3. Warehousing and 4. Communications. In the design of a physical I distribution system starting point by the producer is to set customer service standard. This has a number of dimension of which the most important is the time it takes to get the merchandise to the customer, that is delivery time. The decision that lead to cost drop-off in one activity area such as transportation, may lead to a cost increase in another area like inventory. Therefore, an appropriate strategy in logistics design, is to arrange al the required activities so as to minimize the total cost of providing a desired level of customer service.Now the physical distribution activity areas are to be taken one after the other. 1. TRANSPORT There is availability of wide range of transportation modes to move products to mark rail, highway, water, pipeline, and air, each of this is having different cost and service 9speed) characteristics. Deci sion must be made on the type of mode of transportation to use for each type of consignment, coordinates movement using more than one mode might be possible. In considering the activity area in transportation order processing is also inclusive. This include checking prices and shipping documents. . INVENTORY Inventory is of central importance in physical distribution system design since actual demand (in the form or orders) is rarely exactly the same as forecast demand, inventories or goods must be established and maintained. There are other reasons for carrying inventories. a. To ensure against risks of various kind (strikes in the factory supplier failure). b. Accommodation of production runs before sales and. c. Seasonality of product and/or seasonality of demand, also need are raw material inventories to support production.Inventory carrying cost is high and procedures for proper inventory management must be installed. Over stocking leads excessive inventory carrying cost, whil e under stocking leads to cost sale and poor customer service. 3. WAREHOUSING Warehousing (for depots) store inventories decision must be made on number of warehouses that are required where they should be located and what products should stocked in what quantities. Storage may be emphasized in a warehouse for a long time that is the product remaining in one place for a long time.Seasonal products of agriculture in processed from require long-term storage before sale, temporary storage and through out volume may however, be emphasized in which case the warehouse becomes a distribution center. A distribution center receives large haemorrhoid of homogenous goods, which are mixed and consolidated into out bound shipment to end markets. The emphasis is on moving goods through the facility and not on storage per see material handling is the movement of goods within the plants and warehouses. In this case, fit equipment must be available to permit economical handling of goods.Unit loads refers to the possible economic to be gained by handling products as a unit load, unit load are form a train load of coal to a master carton containing the individual product units purchased by the final buyer. proper design of unit loads minimizes handling cost. 4. COMMUNICATION Information is vital for the effective management and control of physical distribution. , this information and related to action and performance within the areas of inventory, warehousing and unit. freight rate transportation, eg a good communication system should be able to make available on demand the present stock position of each item at each stock.. . 12PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION OBJECTIVE Many companies state their physical distribution objective as getting the right goods to the right places at the right time for the least cost. Unfortunately this provides little actual guidance. No physical distribution system can simultaneously maximise customer services and minimize distribution cost maximum custome r service implies such policies as large inventories premium transportation and many warehouses, all of which raise distribution cost. Minimum distribution cost implies such policies as slow and ship transportation, low stock, and few warehouses.LEVEL OF SERVICE (OUTPUT) Basic output of a physical distribution system is the level of customer service. Customer services represents one of the key competitive benefits that a company can offer potential customers in order to attract their business. Philip Kotler view as regard to the level of service from the customers view point, customers service means several things. 1. The speed of filling and delivering normal orders. 2. The suppliers willingness to meet emergency merchandise needs of the customer. 3. The care with which merchandise is delivered do that it arrives in good condition. 4.The suppliers readiness to take back scout goods and resupply quickly. 5. The availability of installation and repair service and parts from the supp lier. 6. The number of options of shipment load and carries. 7. The supplier willingness to carry inventory for the customer. 8. The service changes, that it whether the services are free or separately prices. 2. 13. DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS Modern producers do not all their goods directly to the final users. There is a dog between them and the final users such as the intermediaries, which are performing cast of functions and bearing a variety of naries.Some intermediaries-such as wholesalers and retailers-buys, take title to and resell the merchandise. They are called merchant middleman. Others such as brokers manufacturers representatives and sales agents search for customers, and may do on behalf of the producer but do not take title to the goods. Skill others such as transportation companies, independents warehouses, banks and advertising agencies-assist in the performance of distribution but neither take title to goods non negotiate purchases of sales. They are called facilitat ors.Buck lines definition of marketing channel. A channel of distribution shall be considered to comprise a set of institution, which performs all of the activities (functions) utilized to move a product and its title from production to consumption. 2. 14SELECTION CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION Distribution of consumer goods v carry are widely used in the marketing off consumer products. In each of the channels the manufacturers also has the alternative of using sales branches or sale office. According to William J. Stanton five channel of distribution are. 1.Producer consumer this channel is the shorter simplest channel of distribution for consumer products is from the producer id from the producer to the consumer, with no middle men involves the producer may sell from house to house or by mail. 2. Producer retailer- consumer. May large retailer buy directly from manufacturers and country producers. 3. Producer-wholesaler-retailer-consumer. If there is a traditional channel for consum er goods this is it. Small retailer. And small manufacturers by the thousands find this channel the only economically feasible choice. 4.Producer-agent-retailer-consumer instead to use a manufacturers agent, a broker or some other agent middlemen to re ach the retail market, especially large scale retailers. For example, a manufacturers or a glass clearer selected a food broker to image the grocery store market, including the large chains. 5. Producer-agent-wholesaler-retailer-consumer. To reach small retailers the producers mentioned in the proceeding split up often used agent middlemen, who in turn call on the wholesaler who sell to small stores. Distribution of industrial goods, four types of channels is widely used in reaching industrial users.Again a manufacturer may use a sales branch or a sales office to reach to next institution in the channel, or two levels of wholesalers may be used in some cases see 9fig. 2. 1). 1. Producer-industrial user. This direct channel accounts for a greater dollar volume of industrial products than any other distribution, such as locomotion generators, and beating plants usually sell directly to user. Figures 2. 1 Major marketing channels addressable to producers. 2. PRODUCER-Industrial distributions-users producers of operating suppliers and small accessory equipment frequently use industrial distributors to reach their markets.Manufacturers of building materials and air Conditioning equipment are only two example firms that make heavy use of the industrial distributor. 3. Producer-agent-user Firms without their own marketing department find this a desirable channel,. Also a company that wants to introduce a new product or enter a new market may prefer to use agents rather than its own sales force. 4. producer-agent-industrial distribution-userThis channel is similar to the preceding one, it is used when, for some reason it is not feasible to sell through agent directly to the industrial user.The unit sale may be too sm all for direct selling or decentralized inventory may be needed to supply users rapidly, in which case the storage service of an industrial distributor are required. CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The purpose of this chapter is to identify and state the various method in which data are been self-contained. 3. 1RESEARCH DESIGN This research work was aimed at finding out the product planning, distribution and management (NBC, PLC, ENUGU DISTRIC). This end focus was on getting information from the entire staff of personnel, accounts sales and distribution from which the take in size was used.Therefore, the researcher adopted survey research design for the work. This mean that questionnaires were administered as a means of collecting primary data. 3. 2METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION In collecting information for this study the researcher used both the primary and secondary source of data. 3. 2. 1PRIMARY DATA This includes all those materials or data which the researcher gathered at pres ent because of the project understudy. 3. 2. 2SECONDARY DATA Secondary data includes all past data, which can be found in the organizations records and in libraries. 1.To obtain enough past data and all the libraries here in Enugu were made use of in eliciting information from various textbook, journals, and newspapers etc 3. 3POPULATION FOR THE STUDY The population of the study is the entire staff saturation of NBC plc ENUGU DISTRIC which total up to about 500 staff. This population is made up of 130 senior staff and 370 junior staff. 3. 4SAMPLES AND SAMPLE SIZE decision In order to obtain the precedent size from the population the YARO YAMENI formula was used as a guide to arrive at the sample size N N = 1 + N (E)2 Where n = sample sizeN = population e = error estimate the researcher used 15% error estimate and the entire population is 500 therefore N = 500 e = 0. 15 N N = 1 + N (E)2 500500 1 + 5000 (0. 15)21 + 500 (0. 0225) 500 12. 25 8. = 41 So the number of questionnaire dis tributed is 41 3. 5RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS For this research project to be successful the researcher made use of the following instruments i. Oral interview ii. Personal observation iii. Questionnaire 3. 5. 1ORAL oppugn This is method instrument, which was prepared and used to elicit information for certain contradicting issues.This is imply face to face asking and answering question between the researcher and the staff of NBC PLC ENUGU DISTRICT. 3. 5. 2PERSONAL OBSERVATION This simply means the general perceptive or over view of the aggregate performance of the company and analysis of data so far collected and thereby value judgment and interpretations made. 3. 5. 3QUESTIONNAIRE The researcher used the structured or closed from of questionnaire where questions are asked and below it the expect responses to the answers are stated for the respondent to close any one that compositors case lim. 3. 6AREA OF STUDYThe area of study of this research work is the product planning, distributio n, and management in NBC PLC ENUGU DISTRICT. 3. 7VALIDITY OF INSTRUMENT The instrument used was constructed by the researcher on the guiding of the supervisor who retted it and made necessary. Correction before it was finally type out and distributed as research instrument (the questionnaire) 3. 8RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT The various instrument used in this research work are very reliable because the researcher made use of liable and reliable instrument like the questionnaire which is sample in its approach and method of application. . 9METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS the data collected using the research instrument were analyzed using simple percentage and descriptive methods. Some response to the question were grouped and preserve so that frequencies and percentage could be computed. REFERENCES Odo P. O. Et Al (1999) Introduction to Project opus Enugu, Sunny Enterprises Publishers. Melynk M. (1984) Principles of Applied statistics, New York Pergamon Press Inc. CHAPTER FOUR 4. 1 PRE SENTATIONS AND ANALYSIS OF DATAThis chapter will deal with analysis and interpretation of primary data which was collected by administering questionnaire to the sample size in accordance with the research methodology stated in chapter three. To make the analysis and interpretations meaningful some of the questions were grouped together table and descriptive method were used as shown below. dodge 4. 1 DISTRIBUTIONS OF RESPONDENTS BY DEPARTMENT Department Response Percentages Administration 13 31. Marketing 7 17. 1 Account 9 21. 9 Distribution 5 12. 2 Computer 7 17. Total 41 100. 00 addressSurvey data 2005 from the above table 13 of the respondents that completed and returned the questionnaire were in administration department with 31. 7% were 7 of them are in marketing department with 17. 1%, 9 of them in accounts dept with 21. 9%, 5 in distribution with 12. 2 and the finally ones in computers dept is 7 with 17. 1%. TABLE 4. 2 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY CUSTOMERS, DEAL ERS AND STAFF Response No of questionnaire Percentages Customers 15 36. 6 Dealer 14 34. 2 Staff/mgt 12 29. 2 Total 41 100. 0 SourceField survey 2005 The table above shows that 15 questionnaires were distributed to customer with 36. 6 why 14 were given to dealers with 34. 2%, and 12 to staff with 29. 2%. TABLE 4. 3 QUESTIONDOES NBC PLC ENUGU DISTRICT OPERATES A GOOD DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Response No of questionnaire Percentages Yes 30 73. 7 No 11 26. 83 Total 41 100. 00 SOURCEsurvey data From the above table 30 respondents representing 73. 17% agree that Nigerian Bottling company (NBC) PLC operates a good distribution system why 11 disagrees with 26. 83%. TABLE 4. 4RESPONSE ON THE IMPACT OF DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IN CREATING CUSTOMERS SATISFACTION. Response No of questionnaire Percentages Very effective 15 36. 6 Ineffective 5 12. 2 Indifferences 10 24. efficient 11 26. 8 Total 41 100. 00 SourceSurvey data 2005 The above table shows that 15 respondents agreed that the impact of distribution/management strategy in creating customer satisfactions is very effective with 36. 6% while 5 disagrees, that if ineffective with 12. 2%, while 10 are indifference with 24. and 11 agreed that it is effective. TABLE 4. 5 DOES ALL THE CUSTOMER AGREES ON THE PRICE OF THE COMPANYS PRODUCT. Response No of questionnaire Percentages Yes 30 73. 17 No 11 26. 83 Total 41 100. 0 From the above table, it shows that 30 respondents agrees that all the customers are aware of the price of the companys products with 73. 17% while 11 disagrees that they are not aware with 26. 83%. TABLE 4. 6 DOES CUSTOMERS AGREES WITH THE QUALIFY OF THE COMPANYS PRODUCT. Response No of questionnaire Percentages Yes 32 78. 5 No 9 21. 95 Total 41 100. 00 SourceSurvey data 2005 The above table shows that 32 respondents agreed that customers are satisfied with the qualify of the companys product with 78. 05% while 9 disagrees with 21. 95%. TABLE 4. 7 ARE THERE reckon FOR IMPR OVEMENT OF PRODUCT PLANNIN DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENT. Response No of questionnaire Percentages Yes

Cultural Awareness Essay

The popular book Interview with the Vampire by Anne Rice is a novel that is responsible for the revitalization of the lamia musical style in popular fiction. The book itself tells an interesting story about tether vampires Lestat, Louis, and Claudia. The tale is told from the perspective of Louis, a Creole American plantation possessor in pre-Civil War America who catches the eye of Lestat, a vampire who is roaming the institution alone, in need of a companion. Louis is depressed because of losing his family and therefore is suceptible to Lestats vehemence to make him into a vampire, which he does.The plot of the book revolves around these devil characters as they live together. Louis hates what he has become and loathes taking life notwithstanding makes Claudia, a little five year old girl, into a vampire as well. The relationship between Lestat and Louis, and their shared love of Claudia, is depicted through with(predicate)out the novel as Louis struggles with his immortal ity, Lestat faces the betrayal of Louis and Claudia, and Claudia matures mentally without every growing physically. Their struggles with apiece other and against each other becomes the driving force behind the novel.The consideration of Interview with the Vampire is primarily Paris and New Orleans earlier and after the Civil War. The vampires live together in a flat, where oft of the action takes place between all of the characters. The reader is led through the torment of the plague in Paris, the customs of the slaves in New Orleans, and the underbelly of these two cities where Lestat, Louis, and Claudia find the people that they feed off of each dark for their sustenance and strength. The characters found within this book are Lestat, Louis, Claudia, and Armand.These main characters stage themselves throughout the novel to be interesting and complex. The character of Claudia emerges as a young girl whose mother has died of the plague and who Louis feels extremely sickened ab out when he feeds off of her. Lestat then helps him create a vampire out of her. Armand is the attractor of the coven in Paris and becomes a close companion of Louis after Lestat and he go their separate ways. Each character brings a new prop to the story.

Leadership Skills

Leadership Assignment 1,500 words Leadership is a expertness that any matchless sack up learn and happyly oblige Discuss. cypher happens without attractions. Nothing changes without assume. Nothing develops without leading. Nothing improves without attractionship. Nothing is corrected without drawship. Everyone, everywhere, every time is al offices world led. Leadership is perpetually exercised daily whether by a politician, priest, p bent, boss or t for each oneer. Leaders ar non born. They are made by means of a never ending offshoot of self study, education, training and nonplus back up with a strong desire and willpower.They grow out of opportunities and projects. What is attractership? Leadership is thitherfore a process by which a individual influences others to accomplish an objective and directs a throng in a air that makes it more cohesive and coherent. Leadership is also the capacity to influence others by inspiration generated by a passion, motivate d by a vision, birthed by conviction and produced by a purpose. Leaders carry out this process by applying their leadership attributes such as beliefs, values, ethics, character, knowledge and skills.There are three basic ways to explain how people begin leaders they are a)Some personality traits may lead people naturally into leadership roles. This is called trait theory b)A crisis or important event may hunting expedition a person to rise to the occasion, which brings out extraordinary leadership qualities in an ordinary person. This is the great events theory. c)People can choose to become leaders through the learning of leadership skills. This is the transformational leadership theory. In this theory, the leader his ag assort to be effective and efficient.Usually, communication is the base for goal achievement focalisationing the company on the final desired outcome. The leader is highly visible and uses a chain of command to get things make. Transformational leaders focu s on the bulky picture, geting to be surrounded by people who call for care of lucubrate the leader is always looking for ideas that move the group to reach their vision. Factors of leadership There are four major factors in leadership, they are a)Follower Without followership, there is no leadership. It is through the followers that the leader gets his vision/s accomplished.The leader moldiness(prenominal) know his/her people. The fundamental starting point is having a honourable figureing of human nature, such as regards, emotions and motivation b)Leader The leader mustiness cod an honest reasonableness of who he is, what he knows and what he can do. Since it is the followers, not the leader who determines if a leader is successful. if they dont trust or leave out confidence in their leader, then they will be uninspired. To be successful as a leader, you have to convince your followers, not yourself or superiors, that you are worthy of being followed. )Communication l eadership is through a ii way communication system, much of which is non verbal. For instance, when the leader sets the role model that communicates to his team that he would not ask them to perform anything that he would not ask them to do. What and how he communicates all builds or harms the relationship between him and his team. d)Situation All are different. What is done in one situation will not always work in another. The leader must use his judgement to decide the best route of action and the leadership style needed for each situation.For example, you may need to confront a team member for inappropriate behaviour, but if the opposition is too late or too early, too harsh or too weak, then the results may prove ineffective. Various forces will come across these factors. Examples of forces are relationship with seniors, the skill of your team, the informal leaders within the team and how the team is organised. Skill is the ability coming from ones knowledge, practice or adroitness to do somewhatthing well since leadership is a skill, there is therefore the need to learn and grow in the application of leadership abilities.Good leadership is a result of the active practice and application of the rights skills which can become a part of the leaders style over time. Below are some essential leadership skills that should be learnt and practised for optimum performance, they are a) condition an example This is the most persuasive leadership skill. A good leader sets a optimistic example in these ways Following instructions future(a) instructions, obeying the law and carrying out tasks in the recommended manner points out that rules and procedures are important. examineing initiative A good leader must do what has to be done without waiting to be told or forced to act. An effective leader respects the good suggestions of the group member and encourages each person to show initiative. Acting with maturity An effective leader shows good judgement. The g roup members chew the fat that the leaders personal behaviour is directed towards accomplishing the task. Knowing the job Generally, a leader should have a mastery of the skills to be used. If not, the leader must apply the resources of the group towards achieving the task.Keeping a positive attitude a positive attitude is vital as an example to group members. The leaders personal foiling or discouragement should never be apparent. Failure should be considered a potential learning process . Enthusiasm is contagious. b)Counselling counselling in one form or another goes on constantly as the leader industrial plant with the members of the group. It can be used to encourage or lull an individual, to develop a more effective member of the group or help solve a specific problem.Counselling is helpful when a person of necessity encouragement, should have more study bearing on his or her tasks, involve helping in interpreting facts or is shy about what to do or the leader feels the need to correct a situation. There are six keys to good counselling Listen carefully. demonstrate undivided attention to what the person is saying. demand yourself Do I understand what the person is trying to say Summarize frequently to assure understanding , keep on track and check what is being told Additional information might be all that is needed.The person might not have all the facts or might not know all the resources available. The counselor-at-law must be sure to give information, not advice The person must be encouraged to think of different ways of handling the problem. to a higher place all, the counsellor must not give advice. The objective of counselling is to lead the individual to his or her own solution. c)Communication This involves several factors such as receiving, storing, retrieving, freehanded and interpreting information. It is important that members of a group communicate freely with each other.To improve ones skills in communicating as a leader, the f ollowing needs to be done Pay attention and listen carefully. Make notes and sketches exact questions and repeat your understanding of what was said Be sure others are audition before you speak Speak slowly and clearly Draw diagrams, if needed. Ask those receiving information to make notes Have the listeners repeat their understanding of what was said. Encourage questions. d)Controlling group performance A leader influences the performance of the group and individual members through his/her actions.A group needs control as an engine needs a throttle to keep it from running itself into the ground. A group works together best when everybody is headed in same direction. If a plan is to be properly carried out, someone must lead the effort. Control is a go away that the group assigns to the leader to get the job done. Control happens as a result of recognising the difference between where the group is and where the group is going. The leader is accountable for developing a plan to help the group get to its goal.Setting the example is the most effective way of controlling the group. e)Evaluation The skill of evaluation helps leaders to measure the performance of a group/team in getting a job done and working together. It suggests ways in which the group/leader can improve its performance. There are two basics categories of evaluation questions. After any event or activity, these questions should be asked Was the job done? Was the job done right? Was the job done on time? Were relationships between group participant helped or breach?Was participation equally distributed among group participants? Did the group enjoy the activity? Did the group handle conflicts well? f)Planning This is a very essential skill that must be learnt by any leader striving to succeed on his/her assignment. The following is a simple process for developing planning skills conceive the task and objectives. What do you want to accomplish? tump over the resources- equipment, knowledge, skills and attitude Consider the alternatives. Brainstorm Reach a decision, evaluating each option. Write the plan muckle and review accordinglyExecute the plan Evaluate the plan g)Effective instruct Effective teaching is a process to increase the knowledge, skills and attitude of the group. The focus is on learning, not teaching. Therefore, for teaching to be effective, learning must take place. The following steps are necessary for effective teaching to take place they include Choosing the learning objective Providing a discovery experience that helps the disciple understand the need for the skill Demonstrating or explaining the skill Allowing the learner to practice the skill Evaluating the process

How does Wordsworth portray real people in The Lyrical Ballads? Essay

Lyrical Ballads, and in particular the Preface to Lyrical Ballads, is considered a central work of Romantic literary theory. In it, Wordsworth discusses what he sees as the elements of a new type of song, bingle based on the genuine language of men and the work itself avoids the poetic diction of much eighteenth-century poetry, whose well-nigh famous exponent was John Milton in Paradise Lost, which benefitted from drastic overexploitation of verbose Latinate vocabulary. He felt this wasnt an accurate reproach of real mickle, and sought to portray them through use language which they used. In the Preface to Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth famously exposit poetry as the free overflow of powerful feelings from emotions recollected in tranquility, and wrote to justify in a priori terms his practice of writing a new and experimental poetry, one whose language is fitting to metrical arrangement a selection of the real language of men in a state of vivid sensation.He rejected the M iltonic approach to poetry, and alternatively favoured much more Anglo-Saxon words, for their amyloidal implications appropriate for a publication in which most of the poems are pore around bothday people and situations. Unsurprisingly, these are very pastoral poems, many a(prenominal) of which solely include story. Although this may seem mundane for such a famous poet, this was Wordsworths statement of protest against the style of the time, and his digression instead led to a new style of poetry in which life language is valued highly, as it allows a sense of man discourse to man, and is a more accessible style of poetry than his predecessors.In Michael, a poem about a father and son who form an without end bond (Michael, an eighty-year old shepherd, and Luke, his son), Wordsworth portrays the relationship between the two. The first indication we uplift of the tight-knit paternal bond is the use of language when describing Michaels apportion for Luke. On two occasions, M ichaels affection is emphasised by using particularly matriarchal language Michael had done him Luke female service and female hand . Wordsworth tries to hold the strength of the bond between the two in an familiar working family a clear diversion from the traditional poetry of the time. Michael is evidently a plain, hard-working, content and fulfilled man, besides the land he has worked and lived on has to be sold on when his brother defaults on a loan that Michael had guaranteed. From line 236 ( Isabel, said he, ), Wordsworth uses dialogue for the first time to print the sense of a soliloquy in the poem.Michael speaks with a Shakespearean gravitas he is more upset that he is soon to lose his land, and his family go away be affected, than that his brother has betrayed him. The nature of the poem itself is something which concentrates itself around the ostensibly ordinary it is, by definition, a pastoral poem. It describes the life of a shepherd and his family, but even this varies from the traditional meaning of the word, as the country scene is outlying(prenominal) from idyllic. After hearing that his land will have to be sold, and move off his son in order to make enough coin for the family to still be comfortable, Michael goes about constructing a sheepfold, of which Luke lays the cornerstone.This is, again, a seemingly worthless detail, especially given the content of contemporary poetry, but in the stage setting of a shepherds life, this is more than a mere detail, and indoors the context of the poem, it is critical. Firstly, it provides us with possibly the best example of typically Wordsworthian language in the whole poem the building materials are described as a Straggling heap of unhewn stones, a set phrase which exemplifies the fricative consonants and drawn-out vowels of inherently Anglo-Saxon vocabulary. The sleep of stones is also essential to the poem as it signifies the transient impermanence and brevity of life, which leads us into opinion of Michaels life he has worked for 70 years for everything he owns, and it is to be taken from him in a relative instant.The sheepfold itself is never finished, as Michael learns that Luke has become a criminal and must flee beyond the seas every day for the rest of his life, Michael goes to mourn the death of his son at the pile of stones, and, seven years later, he dies. The poems obvious sub deed is to support his notion that a pastoral life is pure, moral, and happy. Wordsworth believed that living secretive to nature, living an uncomplicated, spiritual life devoted to honest labor was the ideal. His narrative suggests that if Luke had remained in the natural valley with his parents and continued to live the pastoral life, he would have retained his moral character and would have later deliver his parents from years of grief.Although Michael is the prime example of Wordsworths portrayal of real people in The Lyrical Ballads, several other poems display his wis h to convey the lives of real people through techniques such as language and routine situations.