In sociology, why do we think of the work of Karl Marx as 'conflict Essay

In sociology, why do we think of the pull in of Karl Marx as divergence theory - Essay ExampleHowever, this was first presented as an official theory by Karl Marxwho laid the creation for a number of genial movements that would redefine history. From a sociological standpoint, what is meant when Karl Marxs theory is referred to as a conflict theory? Usually, when one thinks of Karl Marx, he automatically conjures up thoughts of conflict theory. Why is this so? The effort is thatin some circlesMarx is thought to be the founder of conflict theory (Henslin, 2007, pp. 28). Social conflict theory, is, in a nutshell, that in society, there are the rich and the poorand that the rich are the powerful who take up m all of the resources and exploit the poor in order to gain more wealth. Marxs theory was a wake-up call to the masses. For Marx, capitalism did not mean progress rather, it was a scourge on the conscience of new man, a man who was detached from the community and the communal struggles surrounding him. Marx often saw social conflict as rooted in private ownership (Bartos and Wehr, 2002, pp. 40). The difference between the haves and the have-nots has always been a pressure level social issue, becoming even more so when capitalism was the governing system. This is the kind of dominance that social theory rails against. Marxs main idea was that the community should struggle together. The community should suffer together. ... commie ideology gained popularity throughout the Cold War. Vladimir Lenin adopted the ideology as his own strategy to not notwithstanding have the people contribute to the estate communally, but as well to empower the economy of the Russian state. Leninism was presented as the correct theory and practice of Marxism and as the theory of scientific communism, incorporating the dictatorship of the proletariatMarxs critiques were also reformulated as societal laws of development that fed into the study of clique relations and productio n (Lowes, 2006, pp. 158). The notion that the functional class was the one in control was the main staple of Communism. The people were the ones in control. The working class had to conquer its freedom under the flag of the Communist party (Weitz, 1997, pp. 250). People did not own any possessions. No religious expression was allowed, and very strict laws of ethics were followed. Communism was an experiment that failedbadly. Mann (2002) states, Communist governments some(prenominal) of them led by men trained in Moscow are in command of nations impression almost 800 million people (pp. 115). There are still Communist countries existing today. There hang on at least some common features among the five remaining Communist statesChina, Cuba, Laos, sum Korea, and Vietnamalthough the differences between, for example, China and North Korea are enormous (Brown, 2009, pp. 3). Many of the people in these countries subsist in squalor and have half-size economic or collective bargainin g power. This is where socialism becomes an alternative option. Even though people may not like the idea of a Communist government, socialism

Greek history, using Plutarch's biography Essay

Greek history, using Plutarchs biography - Essay causaSolon was able to strike a following among the rich as well as the poor, which would fuck off been difficult for anyone else for his hardline position against unfair distribution of wealth1. This was only possible because justice to the conflicting groups meant that they were every(prenominal) winners in the reforms introduced by his proposed rectitudes. A preview of his laws shows that Solon had preference for freedom and justice for all workforce in an equitable society, unlike supporters of tyranny.Lycurgus of Sparta is perhaps one of the greatest lawmaking figures in the Ancient Greece history for his firm stand on observing the law. Unlike many other lawmakers of his time, he had a latterly conviction of the supremacy of the law and almost always made complete devotion to deliver. His contributions in law captured the needs of the society at the day in form of distribution of land, justice in leadership, host and mix er development. The tradition of Sparta as a military powerhouse had its foundations established during the times of Lycurgus. He was a strict enforcer of the guidance given by the Delphic Oracle of Apollo, who gave him assurances and encouragement of flawless slaying of social reform. While militarism and power were deeply rooted in the cultural traditions of the Spartans, Lycurgus contribution towards communal government with militarism elements cannot be assumed2. Equitable allocation of resources among the poor and the rich was equally followed in Sparta during the time of Lycurgus.Solons contributions to the society were popular across the social divide mainly due to his strength as a popular figure among the conflicting sides of the divided Athens society. While the poor had a strong font against the rich, it was difficult for a rich person to freely be accepted pose as a mediator. Likewise, it would have been difficult for the rich to accept a poor person to represent them in social reforms. Solon however was able to defy these

Water Management in Yellow River Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Water Management in chickenhearted River - Essay ExampleThe peeing resources in chinaware are inefficiently used, over-allocated and coarsely polluted by industrial and human waste to the extent of killing sections of large rivers like the yellow River (Ma, 1999). In addition, at that place is vast over-pumping and unsustainable consumption of groundwater resources lakes are covered in pools of waste numerous aquatic species have been extinct, with a host of other adverse direct impacts on the health of the ecosystem and humans widespread in the country. China is home to sixteen of the twenty most polluted cities worldwide ensuring that all major watersheds of the nation hold from extensive pollution. Desertification, as a result of too much ground and surface water withdrawal, is progressively dominating the Northern region of China a region hugely dependent on the Yellow River (Ma, 1999). The social issue facing the region involves handling of the disposal of wastes by local residents as wellhead local industries. The densely populated regions result in mass production of waste products which are inappropriately dumped into the river.These problems not only pose a huge threat to the political stability of the country merely it is also a huge threat to the countrys economic development. The government is spending straight amounts of money on health care issues as a result of major disease outbreaks in the heavily polluted areas of the country (Boyle, 2007). According to Eng and Ma (2006), major companies are calling off their backup ventures due to water concerns as well as augmenting internal conflicts over the quality and allocation of water resources. These events have resulted in new political pressures on the regional and central governments to tighten their fight with the up-to-the-minute water management problems.A 2005 Chinese Government report revealed that fifty thousand environmentally tie in protests occurred, most of which revolved ar ound

Business Planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business im timening - Assignment ExampleHowever, the thoroughness in the preparation of the idea as presented in a final draft of a cable plan is determinant of the research and the viability of the idea in the industry selected. While some of the business ideas appear excellent on paper, implementing them could be a problem. Thus, a viable business plan has the qualities of being excellent on paper and practical applicability. Such happen the similarities and differences in the components of a business plan. This paper analyses the strengths and weaknesses of two business plans, Singles Bar Business Plan for Colloquy Grog fink and Night connection Business Plan for The jot club. A Brief Description of the Spot Business Plan The Spot bar, is a club targeting the students of state university, with a student population especial(a) 22,000 students and has a projected growth of 15% per year. The location of the business is one block away from the main campus, in an area where thre e bars deem thrived in the past ten years. After consummate(a) its operations, The Spot boosts of exceptional management team that automatically translates business into profitability. Since all members of the management team have had previous experience in the club industry, their expertise and skills are essential in transforming the club into a success. In its mission statement, The Spot promises fun to its customers, by creating an environment that satisfies the changing tastes and exceptions of the college-age women. The Spot takes the assumption that in one case women visit the club, men go forth have no choice but follow them there. If the plan succeeds, the club hopes to exceed $ 1 million in its third year of operation, and maintaining its average costs at 25%. Ownership of the company is a three partnership by Robert Shaw, Jill Morse, and Sheila Thompson. All the shareholders are experienced business people. The main products offered by the club targets women, attractin g them to the bar, and hoping that men tag along. Among the products on sale leave be an compartmentalisation of wines, different makes of liquor and wines. Three of the most signifi cannistert elements giving the club a competitive skirt over other businesses in the same locality are a larger ladies room area, grace design and music (Nightclub Business Plan, 2013). A Brief Description of the Colloquy Grog Shop Business Plan Colloquy Grog Shop aims at providing an environment conducive enough where singles can meet and have an opportunity to have a good communication. Offering coffee and tapas, the shop will also offer a unique service allowing for structured communication. Singles, especially those between 25-45 years of age have a problem of meeting each other. As such, the shop aims at providing these people with an opportunity to meet and have an effective communication. By the end of the second year in operation, the shop hopes to carry out the profitability threshold, an d hopes to achieve comfortable profits by the third year. The key success of the shop is addressing the take of the customers. The shops location, an upcoming industrial area of NW Portland has registered a rapid growth of dark stops and due to its targeted demographics. In an effort to reduce the operation costs of the joint, an old warehouse will serve as the main building, thus reducing rental expenses. Products offered to the customers include, eightmicrobrew beers on draft and

Finance and Accounting Math Problem on Cooperate Finance

Finance and Accounting on Cooperate Finance - Math Problem mannikinContribution from the parents would be invested at 6% annually for a period of 3 geezerhood. However the stay tally depart be raised from Aunt Hildas gift. So, at the moment, the future value of the contribution from the parents would be calculated and then this future value from the parents would be deducted from $10,000 to find the future value of the add that would be raised from the Aunt Hilda. Once this total is place, the present value of Aunt Hilda gift will be calculated to identify the amount required from her. Parents would contribute $5,000 and that will be invested for 3 years at 6%. Therefore the future value of $5000 afterwards 3 years would be FV = $5000 (1+ 6%) 3 FV = 5,955 As the total value after 3 years required would be $10,000. So, after three years amount required for the trip except from the contribution of the parents would be $10,000 - $5,955 = $4045 $4,045 would be the amount that w ould be needed after 3 years. So, this is the future value of the gift of Aunt Hilda. As this amount would be invested for three years at 10% therefore the present value of this amount would be PV = 4,045 / (1 + 10%) 3 PV = $3,039 Therefore, $3,039 would be taken from Aunt Hilda as gift. Question 2 Quark industries has quad potential projects and the summary and expected cash flows of these projects have been shown below labor movement M Project N Project O Project P Year 0 -2,000,000 -2,000,000 -2,000,000 -2,000,000 Year 1 500,000 600,000 1,000,000 300,000 Year 2 500,000 600,000 800,000 300,000 Year 3 500,000 600,000 800,000 300,000 Year 4 500,000 600,000 400,000 300,000 Year 5 500,000 600,000 200,000 300,000 Rate 6% 9% 15% 22% The supra table shows the cash flows of each of these projects. In order to determine which project should be accepted, Net Present Value will be used. Net Present value discounts the future cash flows of the project and identifies its work in present (Mc Laney, 2009). After using the NPV following values have been identified of each of the project Project M Project N Project O Project P Rate 6% 9% 15% 22% NPV $100,171.60 $306,230.05 $285,765.03 ($935,170.55) Ranking 3 1 2 The above table shows that the project N would be the most feasible one for Quark industries. Ranking has been make that is showing that the Quark industries should invest first in Project N and then in Project O and then in Project M. The company should not invest in Project P as it has a negative NPV. References McLaney, E. (2009). Business Finance Theory and Practice, New Jersey, Pearson Education Ross, S., Westerfield, R. and Jordan, B. (2009). Fundamentals Of incorporate Finance Standard Edition, New York,

Western australia demand and supply Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Western australia demand and supply - audition ExampleThese estimates use the 2006 Census base for the population benchmarks.Details of but rebenchmarking of the restriction Force estimates, including the 2011 Census-based rebenchmarking, ar included in the feature articleRebenchmarking of Labour Force Seriesin this publication.The ABS will commence a campaign of on-line electronic data collection of labour force data from households in December 2012. The runnel will be conducted on one rotation group of the Labour Force Survey (i.e. one-eighth of the survey sample). As part of this trial, respondents in this rotation group will be offered the option of complementary their labour force survey questionnaire on-line instead of a face-to-face or telephone interview. schooling about the trial will be included in the December 2012 issue of this publication, due for eject on 17 January 2013. The trial will continue for a number of months prior to a end on rolling out an electronic collection option progressively to the full sample of the Labour Force Survey.The estimates in this publication atomic number 18 based on a sample survey. Published estimates and the movements derived from them are subject to sampling variability. Standard errors give a measure of sampling variability. The interval bounded by two standard errors is the 95% confidence interval, which provides a way of looking at the variability indispensable in estimates. There is a 95% chance that the true value of the estimate lies within that interval.For further information about these and related statistics, contact the National Information and Referral Service on 1300 135 070, telecommunicate client.servicesabs.gov.au or Labour Force on Canberra (02) 6252 6525, email

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 26

Analysis - Essay ExampleAs a result, the author asks why discrepancy prevails mingled with reality and immigrants impact on the economy.According to Campo-Flores, Americans argue that immigrants are bad since they create an influx in the workplace. Moreover, the undocumented immigrants strain public serve in places such as hospitals, jails, and schools (2010). Though the overall mildew of undocumented immigrants is positive, the benefits and costs are disbursed in an uneven manner. For instance, businesses and employers, particularly in agribusinesses benefit the most from immigrants inexpensive labor, making other sectors to complain about the impact of immigrants in the country. In addition, though consumers acquire goods and services at grocery stores cheaply, most of them fail to understand that immigrants make the greatest contribution.The author makes these points because the negative perceptions towards misbranded immigrants are concentrated among the low-skilled natives. They suffer from foreign labor competition, leading to reduced wages, particularly among American high-school dropouts. In this case, the best way to address this issue is not to eliminate immigrants, but to encourage Americans, particularly those who feel threatened by foreigners to boost their and skills in the labor

William's Willson Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Williams Willson Argument - Essay ExampleQuality of vitalityspan is not a simple identifier, nor is it necessarily easy to determine what the term actually means as some people identify the quality of their lives based on different metrics. For some, quality is about wellness and family. For others, it centers upon money or position. There is another group of people who define quality of life in terms of personal or professional fulfillment. To guide the analysis here, it will be useful to appraise Maslows Hierarchy of Needs to find a baseline for a life that has quality. In their critique of what motivates humans, Stacey & DeMartino (1958) note the arrangement of human needs, as presented by Maslow, to be five levels, each building upon the other, i.e., physiological needs, then safety needs, love needs, followed by esteem needs, and concluded with the need for self-actualization (p. 2). The logic of this hierarchy is unprejudiced in that a person who is hungry or in danger is not going to be concentrating on whether they are being actualized or fulfilled. At that moment, quality of life means food or safety. This is where the question of what quality of life means to an individual comes into play. For example, there are many who equate higher(prenominal) quality of life with financial means or the higher social status money brings to an individual. Yet, a child born to the richest person in the world who has terminal cancer would likely not be identified as having a high quality of life. The ability of the disease, which no amount of money or social class can cure, obviates what most would describe as a high-quality life. The poor minority family with muscular children could arguable be sustaining a higher quality of life. For the purposes of this paper, however, the assumption will be that quality of life includes the premise that sufficient physiological health and safety are assured, and the qualities of love, self-esteem, and fulfillment are the va riable

Pubic health priority in uk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pubic health priority in uk - endeavor ExampleIt has been also identified that the person smokes for more than one year for around 11 to 15 times. He is aware of the consequences of smoking and wants to quit this behaviour.Considering the intervention, it can be claimed that during designing and delivering a health packaging intervention for an individual, who is a smoker and it is ingrained to apply the five categorized strategies with the aim of achieving the objectives of integrated health promotion intervention. The intervention process is described belowIn this contemporary era, the tendency of consuming baccy has increased among the adults of the UK, which has caused several diseases among the smokers relating to chronic diseases. Thus, during the intervention process it will be highly inborn to take a crap an intervention procedure through which the tendency of consuming tobacco can be reduced among the adolescents. Thus, during this stage, it is essential to appoint t he time span the smoker has been consuming tobacco. At the same time, it is also vital to identify the number of cigarettes he has been consuming per day. Moreover, it is also required to know whether the person has attempted to quit the robes of smoking (Cepeda-Benito, & et. al., 2004).During this stage, it is highly essential to advice all tobacco users to stop consuming tobacco. In this regard, it is highly essential to make understand that respondent about importance of leaving or quit smoking in a clear manner through which the individual will able to understand the smoking affect threats. In this regard, it is essential to make the individual aware about the negative consequences of smoking and also requirement to provide real example in order to create doubt and fear inside the object regarding smoking (Illinois Academy of Family Physicians, 2005).After gathering the essential

Business Law Assignment-Immigrants as employees Essay

Business uprightness Assignment-Immigrants as employees - Essay ExampleAs a result, there have been calls for on employers to take work and responsibility in properly vetting their non-citizen workers. However, this has proved to be a challenge with these immigrants using loopholes to gain permits and otherwise important valid documents. This expose elucidates the role of the employer in the issue of wrong immigrant employees and the problem of selective enforcement of immigration laws. In addition, the expose further looks at the rights of those employees who have worked in the country for long as illegal immigrants. Finally, the expose examines there is a justification in the immigrants quest for a better life and nonstarter to follow and enforce the law when helping citizens of other nations.There is no doubt that employers should play a role in the enforcement of the immigration laws. However, the issue whether the employer should be the focal point while enforcing immigrat ion laws is in itself debate since it illustrates failure in the systems concerning implementation of the immigrations laws. Case in point, while conducting the raid at nimble & Co., some of the illegal immigrants who worked in the company had valid documents with them. These valid documents included legal social gage issuings of United States residents used by the immigrants to acquire work permits and gain employment at quick albeit illegally (Herridge). Hence, once the employer, Swift Co. in this case, identifies valid permits issued due to valid social security number there is no need of victimizing them since there are loopholes that the illegal immigrant used.The basic pilot program is a crucial tool to ensure that the employers play their role in identifying illegal immigrants while employing them. Essentially, the program enables employers ensure electronically whether non-citizens employed, or seeking employment, in the company are eligible for employment. This tool ef fectively becomes a crucial and

How the book house rules reflects upon how a boy in a family lives Essay

How the book house rules reflects upon how a boy in a family lives with asburgers and itellectual challanges - Essay ExampleIn her all absorbing efforts to normalize the elderberry bush tiddler, the younger one is thoroughly neglected and he grows up to be a rebel and a thief. The various Asperger syndromes have been clearly shown. The mothers anguish is visible through her own words. She wants to be a good mother and neutralize her kids life as much as possible still she grieves at each moment when she fails in her attempts. The brother of the AS kid alike draws our sympathy in spite of the negative image created by him. He is very miserable in life with an absentee develop, an abnormal brother, a busy mother and no money to fund his amusements. His soul cries step forward for love and happiness and to find out happiness he peaks into happy families. With the passage of time, he becomes bolder in his endeavors and starts house breaking in the absence of the owners and stealing stuff that his mother cant afford. He feels burdened with having to look after his brother and irritated at having his needs met before his own. While, the AS peasant is given all the facilities and c atomic number 18, the normal child is left to his devices. Thus, we find polar people reacting in different manner towards Asperger Syndrome that starts from fear and shirking of responsibility (father), over protective attitude (mother), to a feeling of rancour and burdened (brother). House Rules also reflects on the inefficiency of the legal organisation when dealing with people facing rough physical or psychological disability. The legal system is created on the basis of normal citizens and when an abnormal various(prenominal) falls in its periphery then it become increasingly difficult to save his soul. The judiciary system has been inadequately created to mistrust all abnormal people. There is no word such as abnormality in their dictionary. They would deal with an AS perso n in the same way as an ordinary respective(prenominal) showing no empathy whatsoever. Thus, over and above the House Rules deals with the trauma of a suffering family that has a child with Asperger Syndrome and the inadequate justice system reigning in the country. Asperger syndrome is an autism spectrum dis high society where the patient has difficulty in affable interaction. The sufferer also show restricted and repetitive pattern of interest and behavior. This disorder is difficult to identify as the cognitive and linguistic development are preserved and are almost equal to a normal person. Hence, most of the time this disorder goes unnoticed. In fact, not many people are certified of this disorder and this is the reason that the sufferers do not get the empathy and treatment that they deserve. Jacob Hunt, the central character of the book suffers from this order and has to face several difficulties (besides the obvious ones) because of it. Jacob Hunt is an eighteen years ol d boy who lives with his mother, Emma Hunt and brother, Theo Hunt. His father had run away soon after Theos birth when he had been made aware of his initial childs condition. Jacob is an intelligent individual with a very sharp attend but his drawback is that he is suffering from Aspergers Syndrome and is hopeless at expressing himself and reading social cues. Jacobs highly intelligent mind is revealed by his mothers words in the first chapter itself Ive met so many parents of kids who are on the low end of the autism spectrum, kids who are diametrically opposed to Jacob,

Analysis of the Promotion of Krijen Games New Product, Andromeda 99-XD Case Study - 1

Analysis of the Promotion of Krijen Games newly Product, Andromeda 99-XD in the Indian Market - Case Study ExampleThe aspect of globalization implies an deepen direct of competition in the global consumer marketplaces. This has made it important for every organization to carefully meet and formulate a policy that would help it to grab a market share in a chosen target market. The enhanced aspect of competitiveness in the market has also enhanced the level of competition as more players are resorting to this strategy, considering the saturation of the traditional markets of Western Europe and the USA. The present get a line would include a marketing plan for the launch of a new crop in a new market. A fictitious comp each named Krijen Games has been chosen as the firm while the name of the harvest is Andromeda 99-XD. The product would be a technological marvel that would have features unmatched by any of the presently available product of its kind in the market. The market cho sen for the study is the Indian consumer market which has been deliberately chosen considering the business potential of the nation on accounts of its strong economic growth in recent years. The marketing plan would consist of a situation analysis which would help in analyzing the natural and external environment of the organization. A SWOT analysis would help in the analysis of the firm. In addition, gatekeepers model of five forces would be used to analyze the competitive framework for the organization in the chosen market. Finally, a primary study would be conducted with two separate sets of questionnaires. These would help in create mentally an appropriate segmentation and positioning strategy for the Indian market. Finally, a product mix for the new product would be created on the basis of the situation analysis and the primary study that would help the firm to pile up long-term sustainable competitive advantage in the Indian consumer market. The global markets and business environments are ever-changing rapidity.

How reliable is the Hypervisor Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

How reliable is the Hypervisor - Dissertation Example individually of the ports undersurface be customized to function in the manner desired by the delectationr to suit the requirements intended. In the practical(prenominal) networks, the vSphere standard switch functions as the physical Ethernet switch. It senses the realistic PCs appropriately think to every virtual port and uses the signals to control the network. The hypervisor technology of VMw be vSphere 5 serves a significant function in the management of the virtual network frames. The invention of bare-metal VMware ESX in 2001 extensively improved the effectiveness and reliability of networks, which in turn move several users into the application of the technology in generating virtual technology. The hypervisor has raised the standards for security and efficiency of virtual networking systems due to its magnificent performance. ESXi can be integrated in several network application to facilitate feeler of quality in service provision and to increase the centralized of administration services. This paper outlines the creation of a virtual network using Vmware ESXI 5 and planted in three OSs Windows 7, Windows xp 32-bit and 64-bit in a real scenario. It alike outlines the security hardening of the hypervisor using various security measures including nmap parcel. The paper further outlines the advantages and disadvantages of the Vmware ESXI 5 by conducting a SWOT analysis of the virtual network created. 4 Chapter 1 5 1.1Introduction 5 VMware maintains the leading invest as the supplier virtualization solution via their vSphere suite of services founded on the ESXi hypervisor (VCRITICAL, 2010). The fifth edition of the product is the nigh useful of all because it provides the user with the most remarkable service that one can imagine. Although the software is offered lay off without any restrictions or limitations, users are required to login into VMware website and register to acquire a lic ense key to download, install and activate the product. The new ESXi has several features, which give its users a wonderful experience in their applications. One should go out a few issues before installing the software. One of the issues is whether the hardware is compatible with the product and sufficient to spend the product and whether the OS installed in the PC is adequate to run it. It is thus necessary to consider the hardware requirements for this product because it is critical towards the running of the product. The VMware ESXi when installed in a system hardware, provides a strong virtualization experience amongst the hardware and the OS. ESXi normally divides a physical server into several protected and moveable virtual systems that can operate alongside each other on the one physical server. Every virtual system stands for a whole system composed of processors, RAM, networking and BIOS in such a manner that an OS and software features can be set up and operated in th e virtual system without any customization (VCRITICAL, 2010). Virtual systems are also entirely separated from one another by the virtualization cover thus avoiding a pip where a malfunction of one of them distresses the others. The distribution of physical server essentials among several virtual systems enhances hardware use and surprisingly cuts on the operational expenses. The virtual networking ability of the ESXi enable users to create multifarious networks among virtual systems linked to one host or

Free Public Transportation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Free Public Transportation - Essay pillowcaseAs a preliminary matter, the everyday is turning to public transportation as an alternative to undercover transportation. As noted by the American Public Transportation Organization, Steady increases in transit investment funds have dramatically improved and expanded public transportation services, attracting record numbers of riders on progressive systems in metropolitan, small urban and rural areas alike (2008 n.p.). These are fee-based public transportation systems, but the info demonstrates that extraordinarily large numbers of the public are choosing public transportation and that this trend applies equally in both heavily and less populated areas. The demand, in short, is both strong and demographically diverse.In addition, the data has colligate a number of benefits to public transportation. For instance, there has been improved mobility, safety, security, economic opportunity and environmental quality where public transportat ion systems have been implemented (The Benefits of Public Transportation, 2008 n.p.). These benefits do not apply only to a narrow segment of the population quite the contrary, they benefit individual workers, families, businesses, governmental units, and even national goals such as energy conservation and the health and security of citizens.

Relationship between christianity, judaism, and islam Research Paper

Relationship between christianity, judaism, and islam - Research Paper ExampleThis word, historically and textually, is considered ambivalent since it abide be interpreted as a simple struggle with ones ego and it could in like manner be interpreted as an act of physical violence against the infidels. Muslims were always accused of waging war against the non-believers. They were not the only ones that have waged wars in the name of religion because even Jews and Christians did.2 Dr. M. Amir Ali argued in this appreciate that jihad is usually associated with Islam and Muslims, but in fact the concept of Jihad is found in all religions including Christianity, Judaism and policy-making/economic ideologiesIslam defines Jihad as striving and struggling for improvement as well as rubbish back to defend ones self, assets and homeland.3Oddly, in the Christian tradition, Jesus is relegated to the level of deity and he is viewed as the savior of all humankind. However, in Islam he is see n as a Prophet who was entrusted to run across Gods mission on earth. Very often, such difference in creeds lead to religious conflicts as every religion strives its best and utmost to impose its creeds amidst people.This is why it is recommended that a spirit of respect and tolerance should be developed in order to help these Abrahamic faiths co-exist. Theologian and religious scholars have therefore to consecrate all the efforts in order to reconsider the wrong meaning of Jihad and correct many falsehoods that are relevant to some versions of the

Presentational Aids Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Presentational Aids - rise ExampleI have decided to develop cast away charts and PowerPoint slides as preferred presentational back up because I am more confident and comfortable with the efficient preparation and utilization of these two support in my training module. Additionally, these aid are clear, simple and capable of illuminating and illustrating my words effectively. As almost of the audition will be familiar with flip charts and PowerPoint slides, the distraction factor is less likely to interfere. They mass also prove useful when the attention span of audience is limited. Switching between these two aids in lengthy sessions would probably help to keep the audience interested and engaged.Flip charts domiciliate help presenter to proceed through material and convey information efficiently. The most notable advantage of flip charts is that they can be prompt or modified before as well as during the session. Also, it can be easily used to note questions, comments an d can also be converted to slides later. However, they are unwieldy to transport, not suitable in a large audience setting and also require almost graphics talent.PowerPoint slides presentation is one of the most adopted visual aids nowadays. They can be prepared easily, quickly and are capable to project complex illustrations and animations more professionally. It is also suitable to large audience setting. Presenter is able to print slides for memorizing the key points. However, the risk of confusion and technical malfunction is much greater for PowerPoint presentations. Developing new slides during the session is sometimes quite difficult and time

Globalisation and Free

Globalisation and set-apart Trade EssayGlobalisation, also referred to as globular integration is an important economic concept used to understand the economic, structural, political and cultural changes that have occurred in the world today. Globalisation is argued to have shaped the post-war world. Globalisation can be defined as the ontogeny of interconnectedness betwixt countries through international guile. The reduced policy barriers to trade and investment in the national sector and the reduced communication and transportation represents in the private sector argon believed to be the main driving force behind globalisation (Frankel, 2006). Due to globalisation, the concept of free trade operates. Free trade is a policy where countries are able to trade freely with each other as there are no tariffs applied to imports and no quotas or subsidies applied to exports. According to the law of proportional emolument, the free trade policy eitherows both countries to gai n mutually from trade increasing economic growth.The annex in in affectity and avocation losses which is occurring around the world is argued to be as a matter of global logic of competitive profit-making management techniques of outsourcing and corporate migrations, atomisation, downsizing and widespread technological progress which all came more or less as a ex consort of globalisation and free trade (Ukpere and Slabbert, 2007) Due to some consequences of globalisation, movements were create against it (Krugman et al, 2012).The anti-globalisation movements argue that although globalisation increases the overall income of a kingdom however the eudaemonias are not equally distributed between the citizens. This widens income disparities which brings up social and welfare issues and could also limit the forces which drive economic growth as opportunities brought about as a result of globalisation may not be fully taken advantage of. Maintaining citizens support is important in order to sustain globalisation, however support shown by citizens could largely be influenced by the rising level of inequality (Subir Lall et al, 2012).The Ricardian Model of comparative degree advantage states that ripes are produced competitively use one reckon of turnout labour, utilising constant-returns-to-scale technologies that vary across countries and in effect(p)s (Deardorff,2007) . The Ricardian poseur puts forward that countries would export the betterish in which they have comparative advantage which is determined by fortune cost, labour cost and labour productivity. A country has a comparative advantage in the production of a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries (Krugman et al, 2012).The Ricardian model illustrates a world with ii countries, A and B which both utilise a single calculate of production labour in producing good X and Y respectively. Assuming cou ntry A has comparative advantage in producing good X, then country A should specialise in the production of good X and would export it to country B. Since it is more cost effective for country B to import good X , Production of good X would decline in country B leading to a reduction in the demand for labour. As a result workers would lose their jobs leaving them with less expendable income increasing inequality.As a result of globalisation, the cost of communication between countries is low, reducing the cost of arbitrary the geographically dispersed parts of an organisation. This allows organisations identify countries which have low production costs and set up branches in such countries in order to exploit the low production costs. This is referred to as outsourcing. Through this atomization of industry, the host countries are able to pursue their comparative advantage and maximise the use of their resources.However collectable to outsourcing, the movement of production to th e host country causes people in the foreign country to be pose off their jobs as there is a decline in the demand for labour, increasing job losses and also the inequality gap. The factor-proportions theory stresses the importance of the interaction between the proportions of the factors of production that are utilised by countries in production and the proportion of the factors of production the country possesses (Krugman et al, 2012).The Hecksher- Ohlin model is a version of the factor-proportions theory . The model assumes that the country that is vast in a factor exports the good whose production is intensive in that factor and can be referred to as 2 by 2 by 2 Two factors of production, two goods, two countries (Krugman et al, 2012). Assuming we have two countries, country A and B which utilise two factors of production labour and land to produce goods X(labour intensive) and Y(land intensive) respectively.The Hecksher-Ohlin model states that If country A has abundance of La bour and country B has abundance of land then country A would be effective in the production of good X and country B would be effective in the production of good Y. The Hecksher-Ohlin model purports that owners of abundant factors benefit from international trade and owners of scarce factor would lose from trade. Owners of the scarce factor would then be forced to lay off some workers leading to disparities in the distribution of income which increases inequality (Krugman et al, 2012).The Stopler- Samuelson theory describes an interaction between relative factor rewards and the relative outlays of goods. The theory purports that under some economic conditions (perfect competition, constant returns, equal number of goods produced to equal number of factors) the rise in market price of a good would result in an rise in the return to that factor that is about intensively utilised in producing that good whereas a reduction in the return to the other factor occurs.Due to free trade, t here are reduced tariffs on imports and as a result, there is a decrease in the price of merchandise goods that are high skill-intensive reducing compensation of limited high-skil guide workers. Also, there in as increase in the price of exported goods which the country has abundant factor, that are low skill-intensive and the compensation of low-skilled workers. In a developed country with relatively abundant high-skill factors the opposite would occur with a rise in openness resulting in high inequality. Inequality is argued to be rising amongst countries.The differences between the global poor and global affluent continues to increase (Haines, 2001). The income component of the richest quintile is increasing whilst the income share of the rest of the quintiles is decreasing. Although globalisation is argued to be largely creditworthy for the increase in job losses and inequality, we can also argue that technological progress has contributed to some extent. Technological progr ess is responsible for the increasing gap between the skilled and unskilled workforce as it puts greater importance on worker skills.As a result of this, in most countries skilled workers are paid significantly higher wages than unskilled workers as a result leading to differences in income distribution. Also, in most households nowadays, well find that most people use telephones and computers, making it possible for individuals to purchase a wide wheel of goods and services from a global supply chain. Countries that sell goods and services at a lower price compared to other countries tend to have comparative advantage in producing the good according to the Ricardian Model.As individuals we tend to then purchase goods from the country which sells it at the lowest price when compared to other countries. These current patterns have led to a large section of the labour market withering away, increasing inequality and job losses amongst countries (Martin and Schumann, 1997). Samuelson (2004) indicated that using the Ricardian model, with two goods and two countries with different levels of productivity, technological progress in the lagging country would benefit the latter and the more developed country would end up losing from international trade.This reduces the mutual benefits from international trade increasing inequality. In order to decrease the rising inequality and job losses the government should possess providing easy and free access to education a matter of high importance. This gives unskilled and low income groups an opportunity to take advantage of opportunities which arise from globalisation as a result they would be able to fall the disparities in income distribution and have more job opportunities (Subir Lall et al, 2012).Globalisation is believed to have significantly contributed to the increase in the overall wealth amongst countries however it has a disequalizing effect as access to wealth between the rich and poor segments of the populati on is unequal. Government should put in place policy reforms which are aimed at break up access to finance, developing institutions that encourage lending to the low income groups in order to enhance the commonplace distribution of income, which in turn helps to support the overall growth of the economy.

Life Of A Teenager Essay Example for Free

Life Of A Teen mount upr EssayWE TEENS are something our life depends on cell phones, television and lot more. We are more bothered ab step forward our fashion and outlook. Our friends play the close to important role in our life.A teenager, or teen, is a young person whose age falls at heart the range from thirteenthrough nineteen (1319). They are called teenagers because their age number ends in teen. Someone aged(a) 18 or 19 is also considered a young adult.Timing of pubertyOn average, girls jump puberty at ages 1011 boys at ages 1112. Girls usually complete puberty by ages 1517,234 while boys usually complete puberty by ages 16-17. The major landmark of puberty for females is menarche, the oncoming of menstruation, which occurs on average between ages 1213 for males, it is the first ejaculation, which occurs on average at age 13.In the 21st century, the average age at which children, especially girls, reach puberty is lower compared to the nineteenth century, when it wa s 15 for girls and 16 for boys.This can be due to improved nutrition resulting in rapid proboscis growth, increased weight and fat deposition, or eating meat from animals which have been dosed up with oestrogen.I memorize the phone numbers of friends whom my parents do not approve of so that their names dont blink on my mobile phone.Nothing Like a Friend I sometimes meshing with my friends, but theres mutual understanding that we wont let our parents know. And, usually, we sort out the differences ourselves. Some of us get stuck with friends from whom we learn to smoke, drink, splurge, and other vices. For a while, I got entangled with a mathematical group of boys and became addicted to video games. When I want to attend a party or watch a film, I invent a story, like I amgoing to study at a friends place. Last year one of my classmates was moving to another city. On his last mean solar day at school, I gave him 100 so that he could deprave himself a present. It was the money m y mother gave me to buy a sweater.

Benefits of the European Union Essay Example for Free

Benefits of the European confederacy EssayThe European trade union is an organization of democratic European countries based on the idea of committing to working together for peaceableness and prosperity. In the recent years the core is considered to be one of the most strongest and most influential musical arrangement in the world. Therefore either questions related to this are become questions with significant matter.In this essay I shall be firstly define my academic subject with presenting a short rsum of the accounting of the European Union followed by an explanation of its important benefits and wherefore they are so important. In put up to support my arguments I shall use reliable sources and materials, whose authors are regarded as trustworthy on the European Union issues.In my conclusion Ill summarise the main advantages of the European union and Ill explain why every one of us should be interested in this subject. Identifing myself as a part of the Union and conduct from the heart of the european idea,I shall strongly backing my position that the European Union is the only future tense for Europe.The European Union is a unique legal system which, following the most recent elaborateness of 1st January 2007, comprises almost 489 million people within 27 States with diverse legal traditions. Any but enlargements would bring the EUs population to over half a billion people, (more than the USA and japan combined).The main idea of creating an integrated Union was conceived before 50 years as a steering to prevent destruction and to maintain peace within Europe. The general aim of the European Union is an frugal and political progress and to realize a common foreign and security policy, to stabilize the protection of the rights and interests of the segment states, and to develop close cooperation on justice and home affairs (Politics in the EU, p.90). All European Union decisions and procedures are based on the Treaties, which are agree d by all the EU countries. This is one of the main democratic characteristics on the Union.The core of the Union, which is the single grocery store, consists the main benefits and advantages that European Union can offer to its citizen. From 1 January 1993 the European Community formally became a Single Market without internal frontiers. What does this actually essence? This means that people, goods, services and capital will be able to move around as freely as within one country. (EU Law 2006, p.369). Its creation was one of the main objectives of the original Rome of Treaty (1957).These intravenous feeding freedoms of movement are underpinned by a range of supporting policies and they are the engine of the single market. then many standards have been harmonized for hundreds of products, producing a level playing field for manufacturers across the EU, regardless of where they are based.Moreover the process of harmonization of goods produced in one country of the Single Market b y all the others means that if this product is high quality to be sold in one member state, it cannot be excluded from sale in another. The overall effect has been to turn the EU into a huge domestic market for all citizens.

Literature review Essay Example for Free

publications review EssayA reasonable venture assessment of sex offenders, when combined with good discussion supervision and a community-based treatment schedule aimed at relapse streak, effectively reduces recidivism. This was the finding of a engage conducted by Wilson, Stewart, Stirpe, Barrett, and Cripps in Canada. Published in 2000, the study covered 107 sex offenders who were released to the custody of the Central Ontario territory during a period of eight years starting in 1990.According to the authors, their study outlined the oecumenical principles laid down by Motiuk, Belcourt, and Bonta in 1995, namely c areful and continuous evaluation of offender risk which ensures that highly dangerous offenders were non al petty(a)ed to return to the community by sentencing them to life in prison center on criminal behavior when conducting intervention programs with the help of qualified psychologists effective monitoring of the returning offenders activities in the communi ty by employing only competent parole personnel trained in the principles of relapse prevention and an honest exchange of information among the relatives of sex offenders, the parole personnel, and the treatment staff in order to reach the right mix of treatment intervention and parole supervision. Wilson et al (2000) found that the st calculategy resulted to a low 3. 7% recidivism compared to the 5. 4% cited by the study of Motiuk and Brown, and the 6.3% recidivism rate which came out of the study conducted by Barbaree, Seto, and Maric. Both studies were complete in 1996 (Wilson, Stewart, Stirpe, Barrett, and Cripps, 2000). In West Virginia, Gordon and Weldon (2003).Examined the effect of educational programs on recidivism. Studying the records of inmates who attended the General educational Development (GED) and the Vocational training programs conducted from 1999-2000 at Huttonsville Correctional Center, they found that a recidivism rate of 8. 75% was enter for those who com pleted the vocational training program. Inmates who went through both the vocational training program and the GED, on the separate hand, reported a lower 6. 71% recidivism rate.Both figures were way below the recidivism rate of 26% which was observe on inmates who did not participate in either educational program. These results were comparative to the findings of a study make by Mace in 1978 of 320 inmates who were discharged from correctional institutions in West Virginia in 1973. Out of the 320, 76 were rearrested after four years, 21 (or 6. 56%) of whom were products of educational programs behind bars while 55 (or 17. 19%) did not attend any educational program while being incarcerated (Gordon and Weldon, 2003). Meanwhile, two cost-effective programs were the hooked of an article authored by Harvey Shrum in 2004.Published in the Journal of Correctional precept, the article discussed two additive practices called logotherapy and intensive journal which, according to him, were better at reducing future criminality of both offenders and electromotive force offenders than punishment and surveillance-based programs. Logotherapy, which means health through meaning, was developed by Dr. Viktor Frankl as an effective substitute to the 12-step program of rehabilitation for drug and alcohol abusers generally accepted by most parole boards. The program aims to pass on inmates with a purpose and broadcastion in life. Introduced forty years ago to inmates of a California replacement Center, program participants reported a recidivism rate of 5. 5%. When it was re-introduced to nineteen inmates of Folsom State Prison in 1998, the one-third participants who were released on parole reported a zero percent recidivism by year 2004.Intensive journal, on the other hand, was first introduced at Folsom State Prison in 1992. Created by Dr. Ira Progoff, it is a system of self-development that makes use of writing exercises. Inmates were made to write about their experie nces, relationships with their families, their jobs and health, and the meaning that they give to their lives in a journal. These journals were reviewed and feedbacks were provided. By 2002, ten years after the program was introduced, no participant was ever rearrested (Shrum, 2004). The debate on the rate of using recidivism to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of correctional programs continues and, in fact, polarized justice scholars.A dissenting mentation was voiced by Thomas in 2005 when he said that prison facilities and programs have no trance over the behavior of inmates once they return to their communities. He argued that communities are influenced by certain social, cultural, and economic factors which are beyond the control of prison facilities. Policymakers and academics, however, refuse to budge. They insist that there is no other, better measure than the rate of recidivism. According to these academics and policymakers, effective rehabilitation measures sho uld be able to provide inmates with coping mechanisms necessary for them to deal with the economic, social, and cultural stresses of post-release life. In the same vein, they argue that effective deterrence programs should produce inmates who should have learned enough lessons during internment to dissuade them from returning to a life of crime. In both cases, they maintain that low recidivism should be the direct result. Although inclined towards the use of recidivism, Maxwell, in an article entitled Rethinking the Broad Sweep of RecidivismA Task for Evaluators, suggested that academics should not stop looking for less familiar methods of approaching the problem while policymakers should maintain an open theme so that like policy questions could be considered more objectively (Maxwell, 2005).References Gordon, H. R. D., and Weldon, B. (2003). The Impact of Career and Technical Education Programs on Adult Offenders Learning Behind Bars. Journal of Correctional Education, 54, 4, 20 0-209. Maxwell, S. R. (2005).RETHINKING THE BROAD SWEEP OF RECIDIVISM A travail FOR EVALUATORS. Criminology Public Policy, 4, 3, 519-526. Shrum, H. (2004).No Longer Theory Correctional Practices That Work. Journal of Correctional Education, 55, 3, 225-235. Wilson, R. J. , Stewart, L. , Stirpe, T. , Barrett, M. , and Cripps, J. E. (2000). Community-based sex offender steering Combining parole supervision and treatment to reduce recidivism. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 42, 2, 177-188.

Steam Distillation of Eugenol Essay Example for Free

Steam Distillation of Eugenol Essay gateway This experiment involves an extraction of a natural product using the techniques of steam distillation. The principle component of crude of cloves is an aromatic compound, which is identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC).Eugenol is widely used in dentistry, due to its analgesic, purifying balsamic qualities. It is ideal for curative for pulp hyperemia (the soft, sensitive substance underneath the enamel and dentine of a tooth) and pulp its. In dentistry eugenol is alike used to cover cavities, fill canals, etc. It also keeps food fresh and kills off bacteria and viruses. Eugenol helps keep meat fresh and prevents stomach up treated, diarrhea, and wound infections. In addition, it might play a part in relieving indigestion, controlling diarrhea, and healing cuts and bites.Eugenol is the main active chemical element in cloves.Procedure1. In a 250 mL round bottom flask, place 10.0g of ground cloves and 80 mL of water. Set up fo r a simple distillation2. Heat to boiling and collect the distillate until you no longer see droplets of organic liquid coming out of the condenser (about 40 minutes).3. interject the distillate in a separatory funnel and extract with three 10 mL portions of Dichloromethane4. deepen the dichloromethane extracts and dry over Sodium Sulfate.5. Examine the purity of the extract using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Spot a small sample of the extract using a capillary spotter about 1 cm from the end of TLC plate.6. Visualize using a UV light and mark the visualized vagrant with a pencil.7. Record the number of spots and the Rf values from the spot(s).8. While the plate is developing set up a clean and dry distillation set up and distil off nigh of the dichloromethane solvent.9. The remaining solution of Eugenol in Dichloromethane can be removed using a disposable pipette and placed into a clean pre-weighted vial.10. The vial can be heated on a steam bath under the hood to remove the small amount of dichloromethane.11. The pure Eugenol should be weighted to determine the percent oil recovered based on the mass of cloves originally used.Results constriction of Eugenol 1.34 g/mLBP of Eugenol 40CInitial mass of Eugenol 18.545 gMass of vial 18.0063 gMass of Eugenol Oil 18.434 g% Recovery= (18.545 g 18.434 g)/18.434 x 100 = 0.602%Thin layer chromatographyRf=(Distance substance moved/Distance solvent moved)Rf=(4.2/5.1)Rf=(.824)ConclusionThe experiment was successful in that we did isolate eugenol as proven by thin layer chromatography. Our Rf value was somewhat high. This is in all likelihood because the beaker with the chloroform was non 100 % closed during the time we did the thin layer chromatography. Our watch glass was not 100% efficient. Also when we were heating the liquid in the condenser, heating the liquid at a tramp too high could cause excess materials to come out in the final product.Other than that, pitying fracture is a concern. This can be minim ized by careful observation, and proper procedure. Still, our percent error was under 1 percent, which is very favorable.

Foundational Accounting Principles and Terminology Essay Example for Free

Foundational Accounting Principles and Terminology EssayWe on the whole know how valuable the report aspect of any condescension/organization is. It is basic wholey the most important way to manage finances. Without proper score for all expenses and finances, a company and/or organization forget definitely have a hard time organism mo terminalaryly stable. In this paper we pull up stakes discuss some foundational accounting principles and terminology that ar basic but quite essential to the accounting practice. Now lets discuss some accounting terms beginning with Generally accredited Accounting Principles.Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is a codification of how CPA firms and corporations prepargon and present their business in pay off and expense, assets and liabilities on their financial statements. GAAP is not a single accounting rule, but rather the nub of many rules on how to account for various transactions. GAAP are more like accounting standard s (Wikipedia, 2009). abutting we have Contra-Asset Accounts, which is defined as an account which offsets another account. A contra-asset account has a credit equilibrium and offsets the debit ratio of the corresponding asset.A contra-liability account has a debit balance and offsets the credit balance of the corresponding liability (InvestorWords, 2009). Let us move on to Historical Cost, which is a measure of prise used in accounting in which the price of an asset on the balance poll is establish on its nominal or original cost when acquired by the company. The historical-cost method is used for assets in the U. S. below mainly accepted accounting principles (Investopedia, 2009). Okay, now there is the Accrual Basis vs. property Bonus Accounting. This is the fight between the two.In Accrual basis accounting, income is reported in the fiscal period it is earned, regardless of when it is received, and expenses are deducted in the fiscal period they are incurred, whether the y are paid or not. Basically, you record both revenues and expenses when they occur. In bills basis accounting, revenues are recorded when cash is actually received and expenses are recorded when they are actually paid (Ward, 2009). Last but not least, there is the Accounting Standards Codification.Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) is a major restructuring of accounting and reporting standards designed to simplify user access to all authoritative U. S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) by providing the authoritative literature in a topically organized structure. ASC disassembled and reassembled thousands of nong overnmental accounting pronouncements (including those of FASB, the Emerging Issues Task Force EITF, and the AICPA) to organize them under approximately 90 topics. The ASC are those that oversee that all accounting and reporting standards are adhered to (Wikipedia, 2009).It is now time to move on to discuss and describe terzetto sets of financial statem ents that are part of financial statements of companies /organizations. The three sets of financial statements we will be describing are The equilibrise Sheet, The Income Statement and The Statement of Cash Flows. The balance sheet also known as the Statement of financial position reveals a companys assets, liabilities and equity (net worth). The balance sheet is divided into two part that must equal each other, or balance each other out. The formula of the balance sheet is Assets= Liabilities + Shareholders Equity.What this formula means is that assets, or the means used to operate the company, are equilibrise by a companys obligations along with equity investment brought into the company and its retained lucre (Investopedia, 2009). Next we have the income statement, which measures a companys financial performance over a detail accounting period. The financial performance is assessed by giving a summary of how the business incurs its revenues and expenses. It also shows the ne t profit or loss incurred over a specific accounting period, which is typically over fiscal quarter or year (Investopedia, 2009). Moving on to the last one, which is the cash attend statement. The cash flow statement allows investors to understand how a companys operations are running, where its money is coming from, and how it is being spent. The cash flow statement is also a mandatory part of a companys financial report, and has been so since 1987 (Investopedia, 2009). Now I will describe which is more useful, Net Income or Cash from Operating Activities? I believe that Cash from Operating Activities is more useful to companies because they can generate cash in several different ways.Three different ways to be exact, they are cash flows from direct activities, from investing activities, and financing activities. Cash from Operating Activities, in my opinion is the most useful because it paints the best generate of how well a companys business operations are producing cash. Afte r looking over the annual financial reports for Samsung, RTL Group and Lockheed Martin, I make the prediction that each company will draw out to improve its net income as well as see a significant spike in their cash flow.As far as relevant information in regards to conglomerates, such as the IDOLS fraction of the Fremantle Media North America, I was not totally sure how to get this information but I lastly continued to read the investor portion on the RTL Group website where I found out more information. each(prenominal) in all, I learned some new definitions when it comes to accounting and decision making. I thought this grant was intense due to a lot of reading and research, but I believe I got by dint of it well. I look forward to learning more about how accounting and decision making come together.Referenceshttp//www.investopedia.com/articles/04/033104.asphttp//www.investopedia.com/articles/04/031004.asphttp//www.investopedia.com/terms/i/incomestatement.asphttp//www.invest orwords.com/5476/contra_account.htmlhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generally_Accepted_Accounting_Principles

The people motivated Essay Example for Free

The people motivated seekThere are many different motivation theorists who each with there own theory as to the way people are motivated, exclusively do people actually be sport the way these theories bear witness us they do or are the people motivated by early(a) things. Elton mayo conducted several(prenominal) experiments in 1927-32 and found that split up lighting equalled high productivity. He set up to groups of workers these included a test group and also a control group. When he turned up the light in-group one, but not in the other productivity rose in two groups. While in progress experiments he reduced the lighting to its original level and turned the lighting up in the other group productivity still rose in both groups. The experiments showed no correlation so Elton Mayo changed the variables within his experiment. Working with a group of women, the experimenters made a number of changes, alight breaks, no rest breaks, free meals, no free meals, more hours in the work-day / work-week, fewer hours in the work-day / work-week. Their productivity went up at each change. Finally the women were put back to their original hours and conditions, and they set a productivity record.The reason for this was that both groups were being consulted and workers developed cohesiveness as a social group. This was mainly due to workers sensing belong and the UN-weighted desire for higher pay and the need for many to reach productivity targets. This showed that workers were motivated by the carrot and stick theory that people would be motivated by bonuses. An example of these ideas being used in business today is the Volvo plant in Uddevalla, opened in 1989, was designed to allow workers to work in teams of 8-10.Each team built a complete car and made decisions about production. It was found that the absenteeism evaluate at the Uddevalla averaged 8 per cent, compared to 25 per cent in their Gothenburg plant, which used a production line system. Proving t hat workers performed better when they entangle belonging to a group. Frederick Taylor took a more scientific approach to the way he felt people were motivated, but just like many other theorists he believed people were motivated by money. He believed that if output could be linked to pay then output could rise.So piece rank were introduced, an idea that meant the higher your output the higher your wage would be. However at the time this wouldnt work as many businesses didnt have management and therefor the employees were not always sure of what to do, so Taylor recommended they should have managers to have control over the work of the employees and therefor make the business more efficient. This is also a carrot and stick but the workers would be motivated to get a greater wage.

Airframe Structure Failure and Survivability Essay Example for Free

Airframe Structure Failure and Survivability Essay in that respect atomic number 18 many diametrical variables that come into be during an aircraft shot. It is an investigators job to find out what ca employ the harm. Failure of an aircraft elementary coordinate is ranked high on the cite of risks airgangs would rather non face. Mechanical component failure which end lead to bolshy of control of the aircraft is not far behind. Another issue which must be addressed in any aircraft accident is the psyche and of descend survivability. Even if no one was injured the investigator must find out what worked and what didnt. If thither were injuries, several questions should be asked. The chapters I will be c overing will give the investigator a look into what ca holds structural failure, and how to determine crash survivability. An aircraft accident investigators job is to determine what caused the crash. Structural failure is a vital part of the investigation. The term bui lding failure office where the material fails to play below it was think to carry. A structure rear fail in one of two general panaches. One way is it depose be fractured, which means broken into two or more(prenominal) pieces.Another way is when the structure shape is changed so that it sack up no colossaler carry its institutionalise. With this kind of failure, the structure is still in one piece. It could be bent, stretched, corroded, or so worn that it can no longer do its mean job. Over the next few pages, I will be going into detail about the different ways structures can fail. There ar many reasons why an airplane structure can fail. As I apply just gone over a few in the last paragraph, on that point atomic number 18 many different ways this can happen. In chapter 35, the book talks about over lodge.This is, when an in-flight clog exceeds the weight the part was designed for. All structures to include bridges, buildings or airplanes be created to oblige only when hold in lade. It is unrealistic to assume that airplanes can be designed and built to withstand any conceivable load it can experience. If a structure is exposed to a load greater than which it was designed for, it will structur alone(a)y fail. Be it deforming, or fracturing into two or more pieces. These argon two general reasons why aircraft structures fail.Aircraft structures ar designed to withstand heaps generated by air at some maximum airspeed and the loads generated trance maneuvering at some G load. Most aircraft can be flown at speeds and G loads which can place excessive loads on the aircraft structure. Aircraft that is outright exposed to onrushing air could be damaged as the energising pressure of the air stream is converted to static pressure pressing inward on the structure. Excessive speed can reduce the airplanes stability. The bottom line is that a lot of bad things can happen when an aircraft exceeds its redline airspeed.One of the cleargonst rea sons for failure of a structural component is that the component lacked the fit carriage to withstand the loads created succession the aircraft is flown at its normal operating limits. There ar numerous reasons why a structural component could be understrength. It is possible that the engineering of the structure was inadequate. The designer could set out possibly do an error which was not caught during the testing phase. Another reason could be that slang and attract caused a weakening to the structure. Service life issues be unremarkably divided into four sub areas get into cracking, corrosion, presume and creep.The four of these encourageive failures which cannot be undone as the aircraft accumulates flight hours ground-air-ground cycles. An aircraft structure can be weakened in a somewhat unforesightful flow of cartridge holder. Exposure to heat can greatly reduce a alloys strength. For mannequin, some aluminum alloys that are exposed to temperatures of 400 fo r 5 minutes can reduce the alloys strength by 80%. Jet engine hot sections and compressor bleed airlines are made of materials such as stainless steel or titanium alloys which maintain most of their strength in relatively high temperatures.This problem happens when structure which is not been designed for high temperature is exposed to high temperatures. most aircraft which can reach high supersonic speeds require the leading edge structures to be able to withstand the extremely high temperatures generated at these speeds. There are two general areas when it comes to aircraft structures. You get to a primary structure, and a lower-ranking structure. The primary structure is parts of the aircraft that are necessary to safely fly its mission.The hobby components are normally considered to be part of the primary structure wing structure, fuselage structure carrying flight, ground and confine pressurization loads, empennage, landing string structure, engine mounts and supporting structure. The primary structures can be further sub reason as either critical structure or principal structure elements. Critical elements are those whose failure would result in catastrophic failure of the aircraft. Principal elements are those that contri bute significantly to carrying flight, ground and pressurization loads whose failure could or could not result in catastrophic failure.The following components are considered to be the secondary structure aerodynamic fairings, tail cones, and landing gear doors. There are other mechanical components which carry flight critical loads. Even though these components birth failure modes that are closely related to those exhibited by the primary and secondary structures, they do not fall into either of those categories. Components like hydraulic pressure lines, flummox shafts, electric alternators, and gear teeth in transmissions all have modes of failure which can give clues concerning the character of the loads which caused them to fail.In aircraft accident investigator will have a firm understanding of the loads that airplane structured caries and the physical evidence that these loads leaves behind when they fail. The many typewrites of loads are vectors and have both magnitude and direction. You can change the load by either changing its magnitude, for example increasing or decreasing the pounds of force world applied, or by changing its direction by applying force upward instead of down. Loads can purport a finite length of succession to be imposed. Even though loads can be applied in a truly short period of time they can be applied or changed instantaneously.The fact that loads take time to apply and or change is important for the accident investigator understand. The book sepa rank loads into one-third general areas static loads, dynamic loads, and tell loads. Knowing the struggle mingled with the three types is important because the genius of the load has a lot to do with the failure of the structure and the evidence left behind. If a load were applied so slowly that the structure to which the load was being applied to stayed equal at all times the load would be considered a static load. A static load can be either for short or long period of time.A dynamic load happens when the loads are applied fast enough to pr razet the structure from carrying the load while remaining in equalizer as the load is being applied. Dynamic loads can be divided into two subcategories, sudden, and impact. A sudden load will impose stronger internal stresses in the structure. Components such as landing gear are tested with dynamic loads. Impact loads are applied at faster rates than sudden, causing the structure to fracture almost every time. Impact loads are usually limited to high-speed bird impacts and crash tests.Repeated loads are just like they straits, loads that are repeated over and over again. Due to the behavior of dynamic impacts and longtime static loads, it makes them dis similarly candidates for repeated loads. Short time static and sudden dynamic loads can be repeated over and over again. If a component goes by dint of lots of repeated load cycles before it fails due to frighten away cracking it is said to have experienced high cycle fatigue. By lots of cycles the book means hundreds of thousands or millions or tens of millions of cycles.One of the ways investigators look at structure failure is to consider the time it in like mannerk for the failure to occur. If the failure happened at the instance of a single load, it is called an instantaneous failure. If the failure took a period of time to occur, that is called a progressive failure. If a structural component contained a load that caused significant distortion, but did not exceed the materials yield stress, and the structure springs venture to its original shape after the load is aloof is called an elastic deformation/distortion failure.Now if the same events occur and the structure does not spring backward to its original shape after the load is re live ond, that is called plastic deformation/distortion. This is a permanent shape change, unlike the elastic which is a temporary shape change. Now if the load reaches the point where internal stresses not only cause significant plastic deformation, they exceed the materials ultimate stress, the structure will then fracture and decompose into two or more pieces. This is called a fracture failure. An experienced investigator can tell the difference between the five different types of structural failure.Another form that causes structural failures is corrosion. Corrosion is the natural dissolution of material as it is attacked by one or more substances in its environment. During the refining process, energy is added to metal ores and other raw materials in order to produce the mechanical properties necessary in structural components. bring Nature the great equalizer, doesnt like variances in energy levels and sets to work trying to bring the material back to the low energy levels existing in the products of corrosion.When it comes to aircraft structural components, mother natures attack will reduce the strength and ductility of components turning strong metals into meek metallic oxides, hydroxides or sulfates. If these compounds are not removed from the structure they can worsen the problem by providing an environment which is ever more favorable to continued corrosion. There are many different forms of corrosion. Some can be the result of a direct chemic attack by reactive substances in the environment. Pitting is a common form of corrosion.Small holes that are randomly located across the metal surface are called pits and sometimes may be attach to with a powdery residue. Even though pits may appear to have damaged only a itty-bitty percentage of the surface, they penetrate oceanic abyssly in a branching matter causing discharge of strength and ductility which is way out of proportion to metals surface appearance. Chemical corrosion involves the reaction between a metal structure and some chemical agent. If you introduce corrosive acid on a metal wing, the acid and the metal will react to form new and undesirable compounds.A discriminating attack is when corrosive actions seem to favor one part of the components or assembly above other. The primary type of selective attack is intergranular corrosion. This type of attack centers on the grain boundaries with in a metal component before consuming the grains themselves. Similar to pitting the damage from this kind of attack causes a loss of strength and ductility which is out of portion the amount of metal that is corroded. Another form intergranular corrosion is exfoliation, whose progress and go undetected until all structural integrity is lost.Grain boundaries attacked by this type of corrosion are normally flattened and or elongated grains of extruded or rolled metals. This type of corrosion can move undetected o n the grain boundaries. Slow removal of material from the surface of the component by a mechanical action is referred to as wear. In most cases wear is undesirable, wear during break in on new or overhauled equipment is oft a necessary ingredient in establishing proper operation and long service life. The type of wear the book talks about is the kind that leads to premature failure and breakdown. pettish wear happens when small abrasive particles cut into and remove material from surfaces of two components which are held unneurotic while moving. When this type of wear happens one question an investigator must ask is, where did the particles come from? Adhesive wear occurs when microscopic projections of the surfaces of the two components which are sliding across each other may jot, weld together and break off. A question that an investigator can ask is was the surface lubricated? Erosive wear is similar to abrasive wear in that foreign particles are cutting tiny chunks out of the surface.Its a little different from abrasive wear in that the abrasive particles gain their penetrating energy by a tranquil that is carrying them along. How did the particles enter into the fluids is a question an investigator could pose. To prevent structure failure, the components go through an inspection called non-destructive inspection (NDI). NDI are inspection proficiencys which will not do significant harm to the mark being inspected. Other names for this type of inspection is called non-destructive evaluation (NDE) or non-destructive testing (NDT).There are six specific techniques for these inspections. First, visual inspection is the simplest form and most common of the NDI process and uses your God-given gift of sight. To hang this type of inspection, illumination, magnification, and remote viewing are used to help. Another type is dye penetrant. This inspection is used to detect small surface cracks and discontinuities which may not be visible during strictly visual inspections. This technique is simple, but time-consuming. The component being inspected is covered with a colored luculent which is absorbed into surface cracks.The liquid includes a phosphorescent material which when exposed to ultraviolet light glows in the dark so small surface cracks are visible to the naked eye. Magnetic particle inspection provides another way to assistant the eye by increasing the conspicuity of a surface crack. This process requires more specialized equipment then the dye penetrant process, it makes the crack even more obvious if properly used. This inspection makes use of the fact that when a charismatic field is induced in a component made of Ferro-charismatic material, surface cracks will alter the components magnetic field.When magnetic particles are placed on a magnetized surface it will align themselves along the magnetic field showing any variations caused by the cracks. If the magnetic particles are phosphorescent and viewed in a dark room under an ultraviolet light pattern around the cracks will be more visible. Eddy legitimate is the first technique that is discussed that does not require direct viewing of the crack. This process involves the use of a probe to generate both an electromagnetic field and sense and evaluate the Eddy current generated in the material being inspected.When either or surface or near surface cracks are in the material it will alter the shape of the Eddy current and magnetic field it generates. This can be as simple as a twitch on a meters needle. The equipment involve for this type of inspection must be calibrated for the specific design being inspected and the size of the crack being search. Ultrasonic inspections make use of high-frequency sound to find surface and subsurface defects. The high-frequency sound waves are generated by a transducer and then beamed through the part being inspected.The reflective waves or the remnants of waves which penetrate the part are being measured with a rece iver and electronically evaluated. There are two different ways the sound waves can be applied to and retrieved from the part being inspected immersion of the part into a fluid which carries the sound waves to and from the part and direct contact inspection where the transducer and receiver are in direct contact with the part. The direct contact technique is much more mobile allowing use in the field of the aircraft or major fabrications. Radiographic inspection in its simplest form is not much different than that of an x-ray.Very short wave electromagnetic radiation are generated and directed through the part being inspected and towards unexposed radiographic film. Rays passing through cracks, flaws, voids and corroded areas will not be attenuated as much as put up passing through sound material. To the untrained eye, cracks, flaws, voids and corrosion may appear to be just another shadow on the film. Orientation of the x-rays so as to illuminate the discontinuities and proper in terpretation of the film are therefore important aspects in ensuring the thoroughness of the inspection.One of the issues which must be addressed in any aircraft accident is a question of crash survivability. Even if no one was injured, the question of what worked and what didnt work should always be asked. Did the restraint systems operate as designed? Whether or not escape hatches were needed, could they have been opened if needed? Did the emergency lighting system work? How crash survival equipment is designed is based on experience, history, and sound engineering judgment. To know if these components work correctly design requires an accident for verification.The accident is a chance to formalise our judgment and we cannot afford to pass it up. To make investigation of aircraft crashes a little easier requires a systematic climb by breaking down a complicated serial of events into smaller, more digestible bites. The onset chapter 36 goes over is the CREEP method. CREEP stands for Container, Restraint, Energy absorption, Environment, and Post-crash factors. The first four of the five CREEP elements relate to the dynamic portion of the crash itself.These four factors are concerned with the initial and any subsequent impacts with the terrain, the associated deceleration forces performing on the aircraft and its current occupants, and the deformation and dislocation of aircraft structure and its contents. The fifth factor relates to the occupants attempts to egress the aircraft before paroxysm additional injuries not directly resulting from the dynamic portion of the crash. In order to survive a crash it is first necessary to provide a living space for the occupants during the dynamic portion of the crash.If the space is embarrassed or punctured, the chances of survival fall drastically. This factor is container. Now if the occupants have been provided with adequate living space, the next series of questions should deal with the restraint of the crew and its passengers and equipment and components around them. Occupants of any moving vehicle must be protect from injuring collisions with in the vehicle, for example being thrown against the sides of the living space or having objects such as clog or equipment thrown at them.The strength of all restraints should be sufficient to prevent injury at the force levels which can be judge during the most severe but survivable crash. The investigator should examine all restraints system failures to determine if there failure contributed to injuries experienced by the crew or passengers. The deceleration forces created during a crash may be high enough to cause fatal or serious injuries, even if a safe living space, adequate crew and passenger restraints, and a delethalized flailing envelope are provided.Since crew and passenger bodies are not strongly attached to the airframe, the design of the aircraft structure and seeds may cause the acceleration forces experienced by the crew and passe ngers to be either amplified or attenuated. A soft deep endow cushion can greatly amplified the vertical Gs experienced by someone sitting in the seat. The deep seat cushion deforms at high loads absorbing energy as it gives can greatly reduce the vertical crash loads to which a seat occupant is subjected.Hopefully, the designers will build a secure box around the crew and passengers and secure them to it. Although we may be able to restrain the torso, it is normally impractical to secure the head and limbs of the crew and passengers. The volume through which the unrestrained extremities can be expected to move shouldve been the legalized to the maximum degree possible. Obstructions which could cause injury should either remove from within the flailing envelope or padded to reduce the severity or probability of injury. This is the environment that the creep method covers.All too commonly, crew or passengers survived the dynamic portion of the crash, only to suffer additional injuri es or death when they are unable to safely exit the aircraft in a timely manner. The two primary factors in the reason of fatalities during otherwise survivable crashes is, post-crash fire and inability to quickly exit the damaged aircraft. Fire is the most significant post-crash accident by a long shot. Not only can the fire kill and injure directly through heat, the toxic fumes and smoke produced when material and the aircraft interior burn are more often the direct cause of death.This post-crash condition is a top priority in controlling to prevent death. radiation pattern of airplane exits is predicated on the normal parked attitude and configuration. Obviously, this is not always the case. Sometimes occupants will have to exit from an airplane that is an abnormal attitude and perhaps in a very unusual configuration. surgical incision 125 airplanes have specific emergency exit acquirements levied on them, many general aviation airplanes have only one exit which can be easily jammed in the airplane ends up inverted.In conclusion, nobody is expert on all types of structural failures. With so many different variables, it takes a highly detailed investigator to pinpoint what kind of failure causes a crash. And without a systematic approach of investigation of a crash, the investigators are left with an accident that is difficult to determine whether or not the occupants should have survived the impact.

Effective Human Resources Leadership for Nursing Home and Assisted Living Facilities Essay Example for Free

Effective world Resources leading for Nursing main office and Assisted Living Facilities EssayManagement Style for Assisted Living and Nursing Home Facilities Human Resource Management in Healthcare arrangementsThe type of government I chose to discuss is an independent the back up living facility and nursing household. They both provide some of the same functions, although the name of the facility may be slightly different. While these are separate types of organizations now, in the future, they give blend due to the point that the longer the clientele is a resident of the Assisted Living Facility (ALF), the more likely they pass on be in regard of full-time nursing care. (NursingCenter). I chose this particular type of organization because it is one(a) that I am interested in due to the fact that such a large sight of our population get out be served by these organizations in the near future and for some time to tot up based on our aging population statistics. Forty-two percent of the population that lives until the age of seventy will spend time in a nursing home before they die. (Knickman).Residents, or longanimouss, in those facilities will receive services from a variety of providers like physical and occupational therapists, medication dealment for amiable and physical ailments and perhaps social service support services as they move toward the nursing home in lieu of assistance from family members when they nominate none to call for assistance. Because the surroundings is clinical and service lie over longer periods of time, it is important to examine what kind(s) of management path is successful in order to manage the intensive daily clinical necessitate and the ongoing relationships that develop among the mental faculty and residents.One report on the study of leadership styles suited for nursing homes and assisted living facilities reported that a consensus leadership style had a strong association with quality of care. (Castle). Models indicate that consensus leadership style is also the best cuddle in limiting staff turnover, which is essential in how the residents rate their satisfaction of service. (Donoghue).Consensus management style is not a majority vote. After management hasreached a decision, consensus approach seeks to determine if all the team members come upon it acceptable and if they are in support of the decision. In this management style we would ask what could be changed in order to obtain staff support. All members of the free radical should feel that their ideas and views were heard and that they heard the others in the group as well. The idea is that the team will support the management because decisions were arrived at fairly. (Mayoclinic).To meet all the demands of transmittal control, government regulations, service to the residents, clinicians, families and inherent risks associated with the geriatric population, management must not only be caper oriented, exactly peo ple-centered. Management must develop clear and effective strategic plans, but with a human-centred approach of consensus so that all the team members that serve the clientele are happy and effective. It is truly an environment where management must foster employee relations which will decrease risk, and improve patient satisfaction which should in turn also reduce marketing needs as each point of contact that the staff has with a family member is also an ambient sales opportunity.In order to meet the patient needs in such a richly demand environment where a majority of the time the patient/customer is in contact with a lower educated, less clinical staff such as a certified nurse assistant making a low wage, that staff must have a voice to understand that they make a huge impact on the organization. When they feel valuable, the organization will run much more smoothly. My first job and customer training out of high school was working the front desk of a four star hotel. We were th e lowest paid on the totem pole, but management and human resources through incentive programs and awards recognized our achievements and solicited our input of ideas at all times.WORKS CITEDCastle, N., Decker, F. (2011), concealment Management Leadership Style and Quality of Care inNursing Homes. doi 10.1093/geront/gnr064. Epub 2011 Jun 30.Donoghue C, Castle NG, (2009), Leadership Styles of Nursing Home Administrators andTheir Association with Staff Turnover, doi 10.1093/geront/gnp021. Epub 2009 Mar 27.Knickman JR, Snell EK, (2002), The 2030 problem Caring for Aging small fry Boomers. Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12236388Kreofsky, B., Vrtiska T., Rego S., Lewis T., Chihak A., Spurrier B., Larusso N., Farrugia G. (2011), Using Innovative Idea Management Tools in a Large Health Care Organization Lessons Learned. Retrieved from http//www.mayo.edu/mayo-edu-docs/center-for-innovation-documents/wp-cfi-lessons.pdf Nursing Center. Nursingcenter.com. N.p. n.d . Web. 1 Sept 2013. Olson, Dana. (2007). Effective leadership in long term care the need and the opportunity. Retrieved from http//www.achca.org/content/pdf /ACHCA_Leadership_Need_and_Opportunity_Paper_Dana-Olson.pdf

The Mycenaean warfare Essay Example for Free

The Mycenaean war removede EssayThe Mycenaeans were a people preoccupied with war How conclusively do the various types of archaeological distinguish we hire for the Mycenaean warf atomic number 18 and defence support this statement? The Mycenaean age began or so 1600 BC and came to end near 1100 BC. Although this period was distinguished by its warriorlike aspects, I would take issue with the statement that the Mycenaeans were preoccupied by war. The first manifestations of the Mycenaean civilisation were build in the Peleponnese, especially in the north-east and the south-west. By around 1400BC the Mycenaean civilisation had penetrated the smashinger part of of import arena Greece and later still the civilisation seems to take up expanded far beyond the main frame of Greece. Excavations harbor revea lead Mycenaean remains in southern Italy, Egypt, Sicily, the Dode evictese, the Cyclades, Cyprus, and sites in Asia Minor. tell apart of Mycenaean settlements has been b eyond a doubt found in Rhodes and in Melos. These settlements whitethorn spend a penny been a general elaboration of the Mycenaean civilisation yet large meats of Mycenaean imports as found at Cyprus indicate to many archaeologists that these may be trade outposts.General enlargement would make war necessity rather than a chosen pursuit as the civilisation would feed to take new land whilst defending what they already had. Like all of the civilisations of the time the Mycenaean civilisation was agriculturally based, the Linear B tablets lean many farmers crops and in any case the percentage to be given in tax to the king and the percentage to be given to the shrines of the area. The fact that both the palaces and the shrines received a percentage fires to me that the civilisation was equally concerned with overt life as hale as war, which the palaces control conduct.Much of the crop would be dropd in the local anaesthetic area however, the surplus would be exported by d int of the business points, where a complicated form of bartering was employ as payment. It is disfranchised to chthonicstand why in a society that had such an organisational system for the listing and trading of goods, particularly agricultural goods, has no demean of an organised army if they were preoccupied with war. Although Linear B tablets record lists of men assigned to military and naval duty it seems there was no permanent specially practised force it is more likely that every man was expected to carry a weapon and use it when called up for military duty.One theory may be that the Mycenaean civilisation might have had a lack of human resources since the original inhabitants who it has been argued could have been tribes of people who lived in Greece but were not citizens and were neer trusted with military service. There are indeed records of many occupations including cabinet makers, perfume makers and still so a physician is menti one(a)d in the tablets declarei ng wider career options than simply the military. Infrequently and in downhearted numbers allys are mentioned on the Knossos tablets who could have been the occupants of the warrior tombs found in the vicinity.They probably were specially trained leaders who would organise the recruited armies in times of war rather than the liaison officers they were first thought to be. One tablet has revealed the sectors delegated to each Follower with the concentration of the Followers cosmos in problem areas such as the Bay of Navarino in the southern area of the west coast and the coastal end of the Kiparissia river valley in the north. This indicates small battalions of recruited spends led by an experienced officer in areas most likely to be attacked.Due to the general expansion of Mycenaean civilisation and the vapourific times in which there were many small kingdoms around the Mycenaean borders, defence was essential in the civilisations survival. Evidence too, can be found in the def ensive capabilities of the Mycenaean fortifications, which on the whole were built for the possibility of attack and of sieges. All of the citadels commanded wide views Mycenae having a view crosswise the Plain of Argos to the sea and even Pylos has an extensive view of the coast.These views gave the citadels early warnings of approaching forces and probably the time in which to move the people who lived around the citadel into safety behind the walls, a similar tactic to the shack towns in Troy. This cannot be proved, however, as the buildings suggest that the usual occupants of the citadels would be the royal family, priests, craftsmen and occasionally guests. Most of the citadels, excluding Pylos, were heavy fortified and built on acropoleis.The walls at Mycenae are between 5. 5m and 7.5 thick using such wide stones that the walls became known as the Cyclopean walls as peasants marvelled that they must have been built by giants. The walls of Tiryns are even more massive than Mycenae but quite different in style all the outer walls being immensely thick and with chambers built into the south side. There are hardly a(prenominal) entrances for most sites and the entrances that the sites do have are very well protected. At Mycenae both the Lion gate and the Postern gate have defences on three sides (see figure 1, page four) and in particular on the shield-less side of an approaching soldier making attacking the entrances very difficult.The main entrance to Tiryns was up a long ramp under the eastern wall which exposed the attackers all the way on their unshielded sides, this main entrance led to an opening 4. 5m wide with walls 8m thick, there were two gates beyond the first making the entrance or so impenetrable. In the case of a siege fresh water was available in both Mycenae and Tiryns through underground cisterns suggesting that sieges took place quite often at this time and the Mycenaeans wished to prepare themselves for them.Attacks could be launche d from a citadel under siege implied by the sally port in Mycenae from which it would be relatively easy for small bands of men to slip in and out without being noticed. All in all the highly defended citadels suggest the Mycenaeans feared being attacked, making the overall culture at the time seem quite warlike and volatile the Mycenaeans could simply have been fitting into the trend of the area rather than beginning one.Despite this there can be no doubt that the Mycenaeans were warlike in many respects, they are renowned for their fighting powerfulness many scholars believe that they probably conquered Knossos in Crete and ruled there for sometime. The coming of the Mycenaeans certainly brought a hammy change to the Cretan society, the warrior tombs around Knossos yielded large amounts of weapons and armour. Documents at Knossos also recorded lists of armour and weapons, one document listed exquisite linen paper for a tunic and on the second line mentions tunic fittings (epik hitonia) and 1kg of bronze. It has been argued that the bronze could have been a unit of exchange but it is more likely that the document is refering to a reinforced tunic. The same amount of bronze is used, as tunic fittings could have been a cape or overcoat to protect the soldiers amphetamine arms and the shoulders. An even more detailed, incomplete series of documents describes armour in more detail body armour, a helmet (korus) with four helmet accessories, two cheek pieces, two shoulder pieces, and an unknown number of further accessories.The helmet accessories could have been metal reinforcing plates over a leather or felt base. The accessories (o-pa-wo-ta) were probably plates of metal that were hung on to a tunic to protect the soldier, yet the arrangement of the plates is debatable with many scholars over the world disagreeing with each opposite. The glaring ideogram from Pylos of a head-dress and corslet offers no clue to the arrangement, with there being too few plates for cuticle armour.We know that they did have leg and lower arm guards such as the Dendra armour, the leg guards were probably linen as shown in late Mycenaean art, but a few bronze ones have been found possibly to be worn over the linen ones. As John Chadwick states the Mycenaean warrior, however well armed, is incomplete without means of locomotion. It is probably the case that the larger part of the army moved on plunk many, we presume, travelled to the battlefield in carrys such as the one depicted in a paint at Pylos (see figure 2, page five).Chariots can also be read of in many tablets and seen on numerous vase paintings yet payable to their impressionistic style or the damage that time has inflicted it is hard to generalize what they actually looked like. The chariots had four-spoked wheels, a fixed axle and were probably very lightweight built out of wood and wickerwork. A fresco at Hagia Triada in Crete points towards there being hide-covered bodies. Two horses proba bly pulled them, unlike the chariots depicted in the frescoes, as we know from the remains of horses that they were very small breeds.Whether or not the chariots were used actually used in battle, repayable to the rough terrain and the implications of the Iliad many scholars believe that the chariots were actually used as taxis to the battlefield. Yet it is hard to believe that only soon after the chariot Battle of Kadesh in 1285 BC that no-one was using chariots in battle, the Mycenaeans neighbours, the Hittite certainly used the chariots in battle. One inventory found in armoury of Knossos lists 340 chariot bodies and 1,000 pairs of wheels, this ratio of 31 suggests they were intended for more strenuous duties such as fighting.A fresco in Pylos shows two youths attacking a group of men with short swords or daggers, the distinction seems as difficult to understand wen it comes to the tablets as the ideogram could show either a sword or a dagger. The word pa-ka-na could be the Home ric word phasgana but there is evidence that the word may also be a confusion of the original Mycenaean meaning. One of the main reasons for war and expansion may have been the need to secure the Mycenaeans supply of metal brought to Greece through sea-borne trade.Interruptions in the trade routes could have had a detrimental effect on the Mycenaean civilisation it has been argued that the Grecians may have attacked Troy due to the equally strong civilisations control on the trade routes. The Mycenaeans chief metal was bronze, as they did not have the technological skill to extract and make good iron. Bronze is an alloy made from slob and tin, with the copper coming from Cyprus, the source of the tin is debatable as it could have come from Spain, what is now Czechoslovakia or even Britain.Chadwick argues that the Mycenaeans may have even had small amounts of tin in the land, this I doubt as such a source would surly been mentioned in the tablets. Where ever the metals came from to make the Bronze it was very valuable and the tablets suggest tightly controlled by the palaces who assigned the metal to specific craftsmen and weighed the goods produced. Although bronze was used for making weapons it also had other uses such as to make vessels and perhaps have been used to make various tools.It has been argued that the Mycenaeans had to expand due to the certain lack of these resources, which were used to make most tools and weaponry. The Mycenaeans imported much of these metals probably in sideboard for large amounts of surplus crops. The Mycenaean civilisation came to an end around 1100BC in a series of disasters and fires, one of the first places to be destroyed was Pylos invaded by an unknown adversary. Writing skills disappeared, only to be rediscovered by the Greek hundreds of years later who adapted the Phoenicians techniques.Foreign trade on a large scale also halted and the population became segregated, splitting into small rural settlements rather than the cities they once inhabited. This decay of a once great society took place over an extended time period starting with the destruction of a few cities in 1250BC and has been blamed on Dorian invasions, climate changes or internal struggles. There is no evidence that proves any of these arguments but it is obvious that the volatile times in which the Mycenaeans lived in finally destroyed the civilisation.My main argument against the opinion that the Mycenaeans were preoccupied with war is that they did bring structure into the areas in which they inhabited. Although they were obviously a warlike culture they had strong systems when it came to trade, religion, craft and administration proved most finally by the fact these structures collapsed when the Mycenaean civilisation ended.Bibliography The Mycenaeans by Lord William Taylour The Mycenaean civilisation by John Chadwick http. //www. lfc. edu/academics/greece/BrzMyc. html http//www. portergaud. edu/cmcarver/myce. html.