Explain the reasons for the rise of Fascism Essay Example for Free

Explain the reasons for the rise of Fascism Essay Fascism appealed to the Italian public for various reasons. Many Italians regarded the existing system under the Liberal government as weak and corrupt and Fascism promised a strong government. During the war the divisions between neutralists and interventionists were so severe that they couldn’t work together against a common enemy. Elections were ‘managed’, especially in the South. All governments were short-lived coalitions, because proportional representation and universal male suffrage meant that it was next to impossible to get a majority. In 1921 the Fascists were included in the Giolitti’s list of election candidates which gave them more respectability. Fascist ideology was vague, promising something for everyone; it seemed to offer an end to class divisions. Some liked its anti-socialism and others liked its revolutionary syndicalism. Young people especially were attracted by the emphasis on change. The Fascists also had the support of influential people and groups, such as the King. The King was disillusioned with parliamentary leadership and feared a left-wing coup. Mussolini’s participation in government would have provided welcome strength against the left wing threat. In addition, the King doubted the loyalty of the army if it were called upon to challenge the Fascists. He was cowardly and pessimistic. Mussolini also had to foster good relations with the Roman Catholic Church simply because, regardless of his dictatorship, the Roman Catholic Church was such a powerful institution in Italy. The church feared communism and were attracted to Mussolini’s promises to restore law and order to Italy. In 1921 Mussolini publically announced his opposition to divorce and promised to heal the rift between church and state – the Roman Question. Pope Pius XI was friendly with Mussolini and as bishop of Milan allowed Fascist banners in a church. He urged the need for peaceful settlement. Finally, the March on Rome was the ultimate display of Fascist power. The Fascist squads were organised into militia and plans were drawn up to seize the main towns and cities of northern and central Italy. Around 30,000 Fascists would then converge on the capital and install themselves in power. On the night 27th October, Fascist squads seized town halls, telephone exchanges and railway stations throughout northern Italy. The King refused to allow martial law that would have sanctioned the use of force against the Fascists. This would prove to be a fateful decision: it was a sign the King lacked confidence in his government. On hearing the King’s refusal, Facta’s government resigned. The King approached Salandra, a veteran conservative Liberal, and asked him to form a new government. Salandra attempted to negotiate with the Fascists, offering them a few cabinet posts, but it soon became apparent that Mussolini would accept nothing less than Prime Minister. With other liberal leaders opposed to Salandra, the King realised he needed a different man. In the absence of any other viable candidate Mussolini was asked on the 29th October to become Prime Minister of Italy.

The Ethical Issues of Sex Pre-Selection Essay -- Exploratory Essays Re

The Ethical Issues of Sex Pre-Selection Although science is at a peak for overwhelming and astonishing outbreaks, the ethical issues concerning these â€Å"out breaks† have been inadequately addressed. As the options that couples that are desperate to have a child expand, so do too the expectations of whom the child becomes. Couples are able to choose a donor, of either gender, based on characteristics that they see fit to their liking. Although imperfect, couples now have the ability to choose their child’s gender. â€Å"Medicine tends to be patient-driven at the moment.† Said Charles Strom, MD, PhD, director of medical genetics at Illinois Masonic Medical Center in Chicago. â€Å"A patient needs something and physicians do all they can to provide that service, and that sometimes makes one shortcut the ethical considerations.† With our vast opportunities in reproductive technology, â€Å"one thing that’s not been well defined is what really constitutes research and what is [merely] improvement in clinical design,† Dr. Strom said. (Foubister) Sperm retrieval, in which an elec...

English as a Global language Essay

Discuss the positive and negative impacts of having English as global language Over the last decades English has played an important role around the world as common language for economic, education, scientific and entertainment exchange between nations and in particular between people. The positive aspect is that English language open doors in terms of global communication and business, because this language has become a powerful tool in terms of improving productivity and driving growth where it is used . However, there are also a number of significant negative aspects such as English dominance and loss of languages mainly driven by globalization. Therefore, this essay will argue the negative impacts of having English as a global language because of the way English language affects young people’s linguistic skills and behaviour through mass media. Using English as an international language has some benefits in people’s lives. Firstly, the major positive effect is global communication due to the widespread coverage recognized and understood by people everywhere. One example of how English has helped to improve communication in the world is given by Crystal (2002) English language was implemented in aviation field after the second world war, when the International Aviation Organisation agreed with the objective of traffic control safety. This is important because having one common worldwide language is in a very real sense the final safety net. Additionally, English is the widespread language in education due to the great influence of English in several fields, where communication is the key in order to improve development and knowledge (Weil and Pullin 2011). In fact, today this language is used to normal medium instruction in higher education for many  countries, including several where the language has no official status. What is more, it is that English has had positive impact in business because it is an important tool in terms of driving growth and international development. There are some significant examples in multinational corporations such as Siemens which is the largest electricalengineering  companies in the world located in Germany. Since 2002 the corporate language is English (Fredricksson, Barner-Rasmussen & Piekkari 2006). It is clear that companies use English not only for productivity but also for integrating people at work. Allied to this another case is in Deutsche Bank which implemented English as a common language for meetings, in order to achieve efficiency (Rogerson-Revel 2006). It can be seen then that English language has positive effects in people’s lives not only in everyday life but also in specific fields such as aviation, education and business. However, if one looks closely to the situation of minority languages there are a number of negative aspects of having English as a worldwide tongue. One of these is English dominance. Actually, language plays an important role in terms of influencing people’s behaviour through mass media such as movies, satellite TV and DVDs which can be viewed almost universally, examples of this such as Hollywood Films, TV Series and CNN news (Morris 2002). The effect of mass media does not stop when the movie or program ends. This lingering effect might just be the cause of behavioural changes in people. Another example of the English media dominance is given by Kaul (2011) who argues that most language’s scholars think that the television companies especially from the US have created a variety of programs such as Bloomberg, MTV music television and National Geographic in order to cover different audiences and as a result influences on people’s thinking. It is clear that English has negative consequences on  people through mass media communications due to the influence on their mentality. Language loss is another negative effect of English as global language. Actually, according to Whalen (cited by Gibbs 2002), in the United Kingdom there is some dialect Irish Gaelic, where people started seeing their language  as inferior to the  dominant language, then people ceased speaking it for everyday life. Thus, if  their children stopped speaking their own language as a result the language inevitable will vanish. Another case related to this issue is in the United States where some languages are into extinction such as Shoshone which is the language of native indigenous community, this tongue has been taught for generations carrying the identity of their people. However, due to the pressure of English language and American culture, Shoshone will extinct inevitably (Krauss 2003). This is because Shoshone speakers have been influenced inevitably by American society. It can be seen that, there are significant examples of languages loss this issue is driven by English as worldwide language. Therefore, although English as a global language can have some positive effects in fields such as education aviation and business communication arguably has more adverse effects. Young people have been facing serious problems in their linguistic identity due to English media influences . This aspect continually changes with the individual development, according to the environment and situations in daily life, where English is a powerful tool of communication. One example of this case is given by Kaul (2011) who states that global western brands such as Disney, well known in terms of influencing children’s behaviour through communication and shopping experience. This means that, The US export western perception of entertainment to the children under its consumer strategy with significant consequences in their lives. Another example of  English Media dominance in young people is in television such as cartoon network programs which have become a negative influence in terms of linguistic expressions (Hassan & Daniyal 2013). It is clear that, English language through mass media is affecting negatively behaviour and linguistic skills in young people. Another aspect that it is important to take into account is linguistic Culture loss. A recent study of a group of undergraduate students in selected private and public universities from Malaysia, found that being proficient in English is viewed as superior, higher status and elite social interaction than the local language. (Kim, Siong, Fei & Ya’acob 2010). The implication here is the detriment of the mother tongue and as a result the linguistic culture. According to Keebe  (2003) regarding indigenous linguistic loss is not only an issue in terms of linguistic concern but also in terms of preserving culture. It is clear that, as global language English is responsible for some damages in linguistic culture in some communities. This situation causes that minorities gradually move the language from the mother tongue to the foreign language with consequences in terms of culture identity. It can be seen then that there are some significant evidences to show that English language as a worldwide tongue can have negative effects in minority communities such as language loss and rejection of their own language. Although, some argue that English as a common language may facilitate global communication, there are significant negative impacts in terms of misunderstandings between people. One of these is the pronunciation due to the different English accents around the world. There are some examples in aviation field one example of this was between members of the crew and a passenger in Air New Zealand flight,  from London to Oakland,  California where a young man passenger understood Oakland instead of Auckland. Therefore, was taken to Auckland, next day New Zealand airlines gave him a free-ticket to Oakland (Krivonos 2007). This example shows that misunderstanding can occur in  any part of the flight whether landing or taking off stage. Moreover, there are examples in terms of communication where English as a global language has changed its vocabulary due to the adaptations in different countries depending on the communicative needs such as words associated to traditions, rituals, cooking, recreation, habits, and many other aspects of daily life. For instance, in South Africa the expression ‘The bakkie had to stop at a red robot’ , people need to understand that the word bakkie means a truck and the word robot means traffic light (Crystal 2003). This means that English as a common language is exposed to several changes due to the language itself now belong to the world. Moreover, while some authors claim  that English as a worldwide language has positive impacts in terms of business WorldLingo (cited by Feely and Harzing  2003) has argued that there are several companies  especially in China, South America and Middle East where the guideline is to speak same language as their customers. It is important to take into account that negotiations and legal documents are inevitable in mother tongue. This means that, for companies the priority is customer development needs. Thus, English in these situations does not have benefits for them. Further to this, according to Joshihara (cited by cited by Feely and Harzing  2003) he points out, in his studies  that Japanese multinationals  corporations most of the overseas offices are leading by Japanese people, this means that senior and medium management level prefer to carry on working in Japanese language. This means that, the priority for several companies in Japan is to hire Japanese people in order to solve their language communication issues.  It can be seen that even though there are some positive impacts on having English as a global language for global and business communication purposes, it can be argued that there are several evidences that English plays an important role in terms of misunderstandings and improvement opportunities in business communications whether aviation or multinational corporation In conclusion, English as a global language clearly has a negative impacts on young people’s linguistic skills and behaviour through mass media. While , English has a positive effects in terms of global communications such as aviation, education and business,  there  are  significant  negative  impacts  on  people  due  to  the  misunderstandings such as aviation field and business communication. Moreover, having English as a common language may affect negatively adults’ thinking through media due to the influences on mentality. Additionally, English language plays an important role affecting young people’s behaviour and linguistic skills via mass media. Therefore, English as a worldwide tongue is influencing negatively local languages and by default its survival due to the pressure of the English language in daily life in the communities. Moreover, English language is responsible for damages in linguistic culture whether local communities or minorities in different countries. Therefore, governments and leaders should consider the adverse consequences of English as a global language when making decisions in mass media policies, and consider the importance of its impact on young people and minority communities in terms of linguistic and culture identity. Reference List Crystal, D 2003 , Crystal, D 2003, English as a global language, Cambridge University Press, New York, New York, pp. 70,162. Demont-Heinrich, C 2011,’Cultural imperialism versus globalisation of culture: Riding the structure-agency dialectic in global communication and media studies’, SOC4 Journal, Manuscript. 401, viewed February 2014, pp 3. Feely, A & Harzing, A 2003,’ Language management in multinational companies’, Cross Cultural Management, vol 10, no. 2, pp. 46-47. Fredriksson, R & Barner-Rasmussen, W & Piekkari, R 2006, ‘The multinational corporation as a multilingual organization’, viewed 3 February 2014, . Gibbs, W 2002,’Saving Languages’, Scientific American, pp. 85. Hassan, A & Daniyal, M 2013,’ Carton network and its impact on behaviour of school going children’, International Journal of Management Economics and Social Sciences, Economics, pp. 8. Kaul, V 2011,’Globalisation and media’, Mass communication and journalism, vol 1, pp.4, 5. Kim, L & Siong, L & Fei, W & Ya’acob, A 2010,’ The English language and its impact on identities of multilingual Malaysian undergraduates’, Online Journal of language studies, vol 10, pp.95-96. Krivonos, P 2007,’Communication in aviation safety:lessons learned and lesson required’, . Majidi, A 2013,’ English as a global language; Threat or opportunity for minority languages?’, Mediterranean journal of social sciences, vol 4, np. 11, pp.34. Rogerson-Revell, P 2007, ‘Using English for international business a European case study’, English for specific purposes, vol 26, pp.104. Weil , M & Pullin, P 2011, ‘English as a lingua france in education- Internationalisation speaks English’, . Whaley, L 2003,’The future of native languages’, viewed 5 February 2014, http://www.elsevier.com/locate/futures/

The Cunning and Deceitful Women of Homer’s Odyssey Essay

The Cunning and Deceitful Women of Homer’s Odyssey One of the most famous works from the early Greek era is Homer’s Odyssey. It details the journey home of a war hero, Odysseus. His homecoming entails many adventures, each presented as a separate episode that he must overcome. Though the varied episodes differ in terms of characters and settings, most are based on similar patterns of plot and theme. The themes that are most emphasized are forgetfulness, a willingness to risk pain for pleasure, and female temptation. When comparing the Sirens episode with much of Odysseus’ other adventures, one can observe an emergence and repetition of these themes. The most obvious comparison that can be drawn between the Sirens episode and most†¦show more content†¦Yet, one main difference is evident. Here Odysseus does not receive advice from anyone, rather he passes the challenge through wit and luck. Though Odysseus managed to avoid being tied into the web of the Sirens and the Lotus-eaters, he loses much time with both Calypso and Circe. Circe also draws men in with her songs, but it is her herbs, not the voice, that causes forgetfulness and turns them into beasts. â€Å"Singing with a sweet voice†¦into the mixture malignant drugs, to make them forgetful of their own country.† (10.221, 235-236) Once again it is advice, this time from Hermes, that allows Odysseus to save his men. â€Å"I will tell you all the malevolent guiles of Circe† (10.289) nbsp;The recurrence of help ful stranger, like Circe with the Sirens, is a common plot theme throughout Odyssey. Though he manages to avoid becoming swine, still he succumbs to Circe’s charms and resides on the island for a year. It is only the reminders of his men that bring to his mind the homecoming. â€Å"It is time to think about our own country.† (10.472) Circe is the only one who manages to draw Odysseus away from his homeland, though in the end, he does leave. When concentrating on the theme of forgetfulness, one notices many similarities, both thematic and plot, between the Sirens episode and others. Though the preoccupation of the Siren scene leans to forgetfulness, anotherShow MoreRelated Comparing the Deceitful Women of Homers Odyssey and the Bible1184 Words   |  5 PagesThe Deceitful Women of Homers Odyssey and the Bible Across all barriers, women have always brought pain, suffering, and aguish to the men as demonstrated in both Homers Odyssey and the Bible. With their beauty and grace, temptresses like the Sirens and Delilah lure men into their grasps, only to later steer them to their ruin. 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In Books 9-12, Odysseus narrates the story of his travels in the years after the fall of Troy, and this narrative includes other far-flung