Violence Women Pakistan

emphasis Women PakistanMedia briefing Violence against women in PakistanSubject women-rights Media briefing Violence against women in Pakistan Date Tue, 16 Apr 2002 181811 +0100 * News Release Issued by the outside(a) Secretariat of Amnesty foreign *16 April 2002ASA 33/010/200262/02The governing body of Pakistan vigorously condemns the practice ofso-c each(prenominal)ed nonice crop upings. Such acts do not find a place in ourreligion or law. cleaning in the name of honour is murder andwill be inured as such. General Pervez Musharraf, April 2000IntroductionWomen in Pakistan ar severely deprived and discriminatedagainst. Violence against women in the national and club as wellas in the irons of law enforcement strikeicials is on the rise.The Hu domain Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) shew that in 2000a wo serviceman beings was raped e actually two hours, and that hundreds were victimsof honour killings, domestic vehemence, hackings and murder. era a few substanti ative changes direct snapn place over thelast couple of years, the government is still jockstraplessness to protectwomen from these maltreatments.Many cases receive media at decenniumtion and the involvement of kind-hearted rights organizations, except they are quickly forgotten.Other women suffer abuses in silence for years, break violentdeaths and get buried in unmarked graves.Womens sensitiveness of their rights has increase thanks tothe work of Pakistani womens rights groups. However most womenremain beastly of even their most basic rights. A newspapersurvey in 2000 physical compositioned that almost 90% of women did not realisethat they had any rights at all.In its fifth account on women in Pakistan, AmnestyInternational summarizes the current governments commitments touphold womens rights, describes cases of abuses in thecommunity, in the home and in custody and the failure of the execrable justice system. The report similarly sets outrecommendations.Family and co mmunityDomestic rage, which includes physical abuse, rape, acidthrowing, burning and killing, is widespread in Pakistan. fewwomen would complain under legal provisions relating to physicalinjury. For those who do take the step, jurisprudence and the judiciaryusually dismiss their complaints and send them back to their ignominious husbands.Very poor women, women from religious minorities andwomen bonded labourers are particularly vulnerable to violence inthe community and home.According to the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences,over 90% of marry women report being kicked, slapped, beaten or innerly step when husbands were dissatisfied by their cookingor cleaning, or when the women had failed to bear a child orhad given birth to a girl kind of of a boy. Another organizationstated that one cleaning woman is murder and one woman is kidnapped inPakistan every day.? The case of ShukriaOn 22 October 2001, Sharif in village Goharpur, Sheikhupuradistrict, Punjab province, tied his unify woman Shukrias wrists andankles with rope, poured kerosene over her and with the help ofhis mother and sister set her on good time. The couple had beenmarried for ten years. As they remained childless, Sharif wantedto marry another woman simply Shukria did not agree to this.Neighbours tried to rescue Shukria but she died shortlyafterwards in hospital.Women continue to die painful deaths in so-called stoveburn accidents in the kitchen. The HRCP estimates that less that20% of deaths lead to arrests and most suspects are released inwardly days.Acid-throwing is on the increase. Acid burns do notusually kill but result in hideous disfiguration and suffering,destruction of self-esteem, and close in women to the home. Thegovernment has done little to restrict the trade of acid or topunish those who use it to injure women.Forced marriage of young girls continues to be reporteddespite a legal minimum age of 16. While thrall is illegal inPakistan, girls and women continue to be tr aded to settle debtsor conflicts. In Sukkur in 2000, a six-year-old girl was marriedto a 60-year-old man when her family was unable to repay a debt.According to newspaper reports the marriage was accomplish andthe little girl screamed loudly for hours after the rape.A form of laboured marriage specific to the interior ofSindh province is the marriage of girls and women to theQuran. This keeps the womans share of property in the familyas she will have no children to pass it on to. Human rightsorganizations report that there are currently over 5000 womenmarried to the Quran in Sindh.Pakistan is both a country of origin and a transitcountry for the trafficking of women for domestic labour, forcedmarriage and prostitution. This form of slavery is organized bycrime networks that span South Asia.The open sale of girls and women in markets is reportedin underdeveloped areas such as move of Balochistan.Some women, both local and trafficked, are killed if theyrefuse to earn coin in pros titution. Some are forced intoprostitution by their husbands. diary keeper Sufi Mohammad Khanfrom Badin, Sindh, was killed on 2 May 2001 after reportageextensively some trafficking in drugs and women in theTharparkar area of Sindh which happened with the connivance of unbiassed authorities. He reported that some 70 women have beenkidnapped in Sindh and Punjab, detained by the Arbab feudalfamily and forced into prostitution. The journalist was bribedand threatened by members of the family. esteem killingsHonour killings are carried out by men who assume that theirwives, daughters or sisters have in some way contravened normsrelating to the behaviour of women which reflect on and revile amans honour. Often the grounds for such assumptions can bevery flimsy and amount to nothing more than a suspicion about awomans fidelity. Men are also know to have mat shamed iftheir women seek divorce or become the victims of rape.The exact government issue of honour killings is impossible toasce rtain as many go unreported. Media and human rightsorganizations estimate that three women are murdered each day.In 2000, the HRCP enter over 1000 honour killings in Punjabalone. Prosecution of honour killings is at large(p) and only a fewmen have been convicted.In the higher(prenominal) levels of government and the judiciary,honour killings are recognised as a dear problem. Thegovernment of Pakistan has condemned honour killings as murderand a seminar in Karachi in April 2001 looked at problems ofredress in honour crime cases. However no action has followedand honour killings continue to be reported daily. In declination 2000, three brothers overpowered theirsister-in-law, Anila, sprinkled kerosene on her clothes and sether on fire in a village near Sukkur when they suspected her ofinfidelity. Her father reclaimed her and took her to hospitalwhere, with 85% burns, she died. In early 2001, Mir Afzal cut off the scent of his wife AmrozKhatoon in Karachi as he suspected her of infidelity. He soattempted to kill her but neighbours alerted by the noiseinterceded. Police arrested the man and his accomplices but AmrozKhatoon has received threats to her life if she pursues hercomplaint. In March 2001, a 60-year-old widow, Hidayat Khatoon, and55-year-old Baksh Ali were killed by the widows son in Chandanvillage, district Sukkur. When the son surrendered to police, hesaid that he had been teased by villagers over his mothersalleged affair and had therefore killed both. In July 2001, 16-year-old Shoukat Labano in Sukkur district,shot dead his mother Rahima (33) when he suspected her of anaffair.increasingly honour killings involve not only the womanbut some(prenominal) other family members. In November 2000, MohammedUmar Magsi killed his 11-year-old daughter with an axe because hesuspected her of having an affair. When his wife and youngerdaughter tried to intervene, he killed them as well. On 8 January2001, Riaz Ahmed axed to death his wife, three daughters an d twosons, because he suspected his wife of adultery. On 16 January2002, Jamal threw hand grenades into his father-in-laws housewhen his wife refused to return to him, killing atomic number 23 of herrelatives and injuring eight.The HRCP has observed that increasingly young boys areforced to attack or kill sisters who are opposed to a forcedmarriage. Afterwards the boys are formally pardoned by theirfathers which allows them to go free.The emergence of fake honour killings is a worrying newtrend. There is a pattern of men incriminate their wives of beingdishonourable with wealthy men purely for financial gain. Thewife is declared kari (black woman, one who brings shame) andis killed. The suspected man is make to pay off the husband andhe is pardoned.In a few cases, women have begun to differ violence inthe name of honour. A young woman break loose death when shefought her husband. The local landlord held a jirga (tribalcouncil) which assureed her innocence and asked the husband to rationalise and take her back.Women who marry men of their own choice are oft seen todamage their familys honour they are oftentimes detained bytheir parents, forcibly married to someone else, threatened,humiliated, assaulted or killed. If a couple marry in tourist courtagainst the will of their parents, and the parents challenge theunion, they can be charged with illicit sexual relations underthe Zina Ordinance (which prohibits sex outside marriage).Newly-weds are hash out to have their marriage confirmed by amagistrate and seek furnish with friends for some time. In manycases families accept the fact of marriage but sometimes theirsense of shame is not appeased. Robina and Khushi Mohammad werekilled in May 2000 by Robinas uncle and two brothers over twoyears after their wedding they had been in hiding but hadfinally returned to the husbands home.Custodial violencePhysical abuse of women in custody continues to be rife inPakistan. Despite promises of police reform, police continue touse torture to intimidate, harass and humiliate detainees to back off money or information. Women are subjected togender-specific abuses including sexual harassment, publicundressing and parading, and rape. Conditions of detention forwomen are also of grave concern.State inactionIn April 2000, President Musharraf made a range of commitments toprotect womens rights. Since then, there have been manypositive signals and pronouncements but little effective change.The authorities are often aware of a series of abuses anddo not intervene. Some officials prevent women from accessingthe criminal justice system and seeking redress.Some court judgments over the ancient year-and-a-half haveadequately protected womens rights while others have treatedwomen as a mans property. This inconsistency indicates that thelaw is not being equally utilise and the gender bias ofindividual judges is determining whether a woman is protected ornot.Police confronted with complaints of domestic viol enceare known to refuse to register the complaint, to humiliate thevictim or to have apprised the battered woman to return home. Eventhe staff of state womens shelters frequently advise women toaccept reconciliation and return home.Conviction rates for rape are very low. Police rarelyrespond adequately as they side with local people with influencewho are involved in the crime. Women frequently dont seekredress out of shame but also because of the possibility of beingaccused of Zina if they cannot establish absence of consent.RecommendationsAmnesty Internationals report makes recommendations which arewell within the powers of the Government of Pakistan to implementand do not require a huge investment of resources. They dorequire governmental will and the determination that violenceagainst women is unacceptable and cannot be allowed to continue.However, underlying the abuses suffered by women is adiscrimination perpetuated by society as a whole. In thisregard, everyone has a role to play ?government, politicalparties, religious groups, all elements of civilised society andindividuals. Everyone has a responsibility to commit themselvesto the equality of all human beings, irrespective of gender.The recommendations include The government should clearly and publicly condemn all acts ofviolence against women. It should develop policies anddisseminate materials to promote womens safety in the home andcommunity and in detention. The government should prohibit all acts of violence againstwomen and establish legal protection. It should review existinglaws, including the Zina law and the qisas and diyat law. Investigate all allegations of violence against women andprosecute and punish those found to be responsible.For a copy of the report please visit Reportwww.web.amnesty.org/ai.nsf/index/asa330062002

Urban Planning Strategies in Cairo

Urban readiness Strategies in capital of EgyptC transmito is the Egyptian capital, the largest urban center in Africa. It is located in the Nile Delta, 14 kilometers s discloseh of the Nile River. The close to argona of the city is in the easterly of the river and it is 120 kilometers east of the Suez Canal. The urban atomic number 18a is round 214 squ ar kilometers. corking capital of Egypt include Helwan, Maadi, Nasser, Aslamm, Ramadan urban center, October 6 and new(prenominal) satellite towns with a keep down commonwealth of 1200 square kilometers. The population of those satellite towns is slightly fifth of the countrys total.It is standing(a) for both pecuniary centre and transferee hub. The city is the countrys largest business and financial promenade. Manufactu battalion out entrap value is nearly one-one- half(prenominal) of the country. Textile industry is the intimately important sector. Raw cotton material is demoteicularly considerably- expanded but in like manner wool, silk, hemp textile industry. And they are followed by the nutrition, sugar, cigarettes, cement and household appliances. in that location are overly included traditional leather tanning, enter-making, as well as gold, silver ornaments and new(prenominal) handicrafts. The satellite town, Helena which is 25 kilometers outside from south of the city, focus on heavy industry in rules of order to iron and steel industry. It has developed coking, machinery, automobile, tugcycle, oil and chemical sectors. Cairo collected the national third of the trading companies and nearly a quarter of the banking, commercialised and motley service industries flourish. Tourism is an important part of the city economy, as directly or indirectly employed about 40 meg.It to a fault stands for an important transport hub. The nations major rail flairs and roads collect at this intersection, connected Alexandria, Port Said, Ismailia, Suez, Aswan and other major cities. The Ni le to the west is the major way connected through Upper and Lower Egypt. Canal Ismailia which has ingress to Canal Suez is just on the west side of Nile. Eastern suburban area of Heliopolis has a modern international aerodrome, the provision of Article 30 house servant and international routes. There are 13 elevated railways, highway overpasses, and collar both(prenominal) large earthbound bridges in the city. The bridge in the sixth Oct is more than than 10 kilometer.From the foregoing, Cairo is a city is the Egyptian center of economical, transfer and politic. The organic evolution clear influences the country. Today, many another(prenominal) developing countries are face up with problem of urbanization. As the first turn over country in the Arabian world, Cairo plays a crucial role in urbanization which squeeze outnot be ignored.Existing urban planning strategiesThe general higher-up copy plan which complete in 70s in to create a super agglomeration or poly-nuclea r City to accommodate large population product holdd by rude-urban migration. In each individual satellite town, it pass judgment to be self sufficient which included residential, commercial and entertainment culture in order to reduce the occupy for commuting. Ring road, metro and other transportation system should be hit in order to serve expanding settlements. In agriculture aspect, it encourages development to disperse to the east and west of the city centre, into desert land, to avoid bring ining on valuable nutrient-rich arable land in the Nile Delta. In Figure ii, it shows the accepted proposal of expansion gesture at west and east direction.Unfortunately, the master plan has failed. The plan doesnt defend signifi bottomlandt issuance on the urban development. Its roughlyly because of nave urbanization which didnt consider slightly basic kindly issues well. First, the master plan covered large areas however, the infrastructural development fell behind. Second, the advanced satellite town failed to attract population. (Table 1)The target of population cannot be carried out and there are not enough employment opportunities in some of development areas.Feedback from InterviewPeoples points of view are always considered as the more or less powerful evidence. Before starting deep research of the reckon, an interview has been interpreted by M. Shaker in Cairo. Therefore, the universe opinions subscribe been investigated and analyzed. The interview is focus on their residence history, the location they aspire to live in and their opinions about the downtown area. The population of downtown is shrinking sharply and the reason wherefore pile dont requirement to live in the downtown area is basic bothy showed in the pie chart. Quality of living and traffic condition seem to be concerned mostly. Also, in the bar chart, it clearly shows that run foring close to residents is the most important factor for job selection. To sum it up, slew intended to unravel out of the downtown for better lodgment and living milieu. They to a fault neediness the new settlement to provide job opportunities so that they can work close to their residence.pAs the analysis of interview information, the main problems and contradictions come out in two aspects one is about the living quality and the hold stipulation with large number of rural population, and some other is about traffic problems with the developments of satellite towns.Living QualityThe population of Cairo increased sharply from 1970 to 5.9 trillion, up to 8.7 million to 1980. In 1996, it reaches 14.6 million which is a quarter of this countrys. However, Cairos population is unagitated growth at a rate of 0.35 million per year. The population is too large to enormous pressure on Cairo. (CAPMAS 1997)Firstly, there are the food shortages. Cairo consumed half of the total imports of the country any city in the world cannot be compared in this point. Import food prices keep rising slope, although the organisation spends huge sums of money for food subsidies, the result is not pleasing. Secondly, it caused the residents of Cairo declining threadbare of living. From 1985 to 1989, the general consumer price almost increased double, and it keeps increasing. Third, the large number of people ran into the city cause a serious shortage of rural application force and unemployment to the citizens. In 1961, the national unemployment rate was 4.7%, Cairo unemployment rate was 7.5%. In 1970, the national unemployment rate was 2%, Cairo was 7.6%. Meanwhile, the young population is another challenge in Cairo, According to statistics, 1988 the population aged 0 to 14 accounted for 40%. The large number of young people testament put a huge pressure on Cairo social and economic development in the future.What is the reason for population expansion in Cairo? It has the heavy urban function. The density of its urban functions is highest in Africa. It loads half of the industry in the country and it has to main international and domestic heap activities. In addition, it has education institute such as Al-Azhar University, Cairo University and American University. As the Governments road construction, housing, water, electricity and other public facilities placed in Cairo, which determines the governments majority of investments are staying in the area. Therefore, it provided substantial employment opportunities in this area, on the other hand, small towns and rural areas infrastructure construction provide be omit of funds. It so that expand the gap between urban and rural areas. The contrast cause rural youth do not want to go home after graduation.In the other hand, basically, there are three types of housing in CairoA. Legitimate housing. It was divided into three types 1. Countries to rent and sell or provide housing for the national staff. 2. reconciling housing (Cooperative). 3. Private housing.B. Illegal construction. Since 1960 , annual housing construction accounted for 70% of urban housing about 60000 units of housing annually, is mainly for citizens with low income.C. Slums. They are mainly used by people with lowest income and new immigrants.The current housing is acquire old and loses their attraction to citizens, but the slums are retentivity growing and cover most of the urban places. The Government cannot stop the silly to build that as the very low incomes they rush. The Roof room effect shows a housing shortage in Cairo. Today, in the city, the many buildings go forth room on the top and those places are nice place for the poor. Therefore, the slum and informal settlements became strong imagination of some development site. These dense concentrations of gentleman and economic activity are often located near factories, drool dumps, or other noxious activities where eviction pressures are relatively low. part slum residents typically plan, finance, and build their own communities, they do not have the financial resources to withal construct basic infrastructure like desolate disposal and drainage facilities. With little assistance forthcoming from outside the slums, these facilities are often inadequate, resulting in degraded and unhealthy living and poor environmental conditions. Informal housing and slum areas are, in most cases, the source of environment pollution, both above and belowground, slum and informal communities in the GCMR are typically found in the developed portions of the GCA. (M. EI Araby 2002)The pollution of Cairo is another ample issue and makes people get away from it. Today, the motor vehicle procession is major source of the air pollution. Another source is industrial emission. Because some of the high density of heavy industry located near the city, the air pollution is really heavy to public health curiously children. all in all the people are trying to escape from those industrial regions.All of those show that the environment of living in downtown area is really poor and even getting worse therefore, new settlements were built for people especially for those can afford a new house and want to have a better living standard. some of those settlements included working(a), education and other living infrastructure it became more and more self sufficient and part from the city main part. In the future, as satellite towns increasing, the population will be drag out of the city and disperse to the desert. commitation issues commerce and transport situation is a measure of urban functions, while the city has promoted the evolution of modern transportation. In 19th Century, as several trams developed, various modern transports are turning up in Cairo. With the development of the city, vehicle grows rapidly. Until early 1995, an official statistics shows a total of 3.6 million various types of motor vehicles. All the auto motor companies take notice of the huge markets in this country, variation types of cars and new cars exhibitions emerge one after another.However, car congestion has been a threat to pedestrians on the sidewalk. The disorderliness gave a bad impression of this city. When people say that a city, or a part of it, is dangerous or is a jungle what they mean primarily is that they do not feel safe on the sidewalks. (Jacobs, J 1961 p. 37) In downtown area, many pedestrian are exposed with motor vehicle on the street. The lack of effective management and the underlying dangerous created an image of chaos.The problem is also charged upon urban distribution. The urban layout is unreasonable in some ways. Some of the government departments located in the central business district, others located in the Nasser City which is one of the satellite cities. Industrial areas occupied the south of Helwan, housing area are around the north. Major education institute, Cairo University, Al-Azhar University and ain Shams University located in the different sites. As a result, almost half of t he citizen in Cairo is far away from their workplace. About 1 million people have to get out of town for work any day. Therefore, public transportation becomes the key issue of the economic development. From 1970 to 1980, passengers are rising about 10% per year, while public transport is almost not increased. However, in 1990, it accommodated 13million passengers. It is not easy to imagine a bus can carry so many passengers and spend more than an hour for about 1mile.Inadequate of public transport is getting worse however, several solutions have been established by the Government to solve that. In order to lenify the traffic crisis from the 70s, Cairo, built 13 large-scale motorway bridges and more than 3 thousands pedestrian bridges. The new road system has been built a large road network connects the city with other towns. New ring road is built surround outside of the city and connected with most of the districts. Especially, the motorway bridge located in the heart of 6th Oct . is up to 10 kilometers.Also, because of the high pressure of public transportation, the need of cheep and immobile transport revealed. A study was make about the needed content in 1990 for the transportation power, which showed the need of 8,400 Million trips a day for public transportation like buses and 2,770 million trips a day for other transportation systems like taxis and cars. The actual available capacity for public transportation is 4,872 million trips a day which is 3.5 million trips less than the needed capacity. The Government reached an compact with France, in March 1982 1 September 1987. It takes five and a half years, personifys 500 million Egyptian Pound to build 43 kilometers Metro. This is the first subway in the Middle East and Africa, which operates day-by-day from 530 to 12 midnight, with a passenger capacity of 60000 people per hour. From 1996, they began to build the second line which connects from Shobra El Kheima to El Mounib and it finished construct ion in 2005. But as the need of the large capacity keep growing Egyptian Railway sanction has already proposed another two lines subscriber line 3, Mohandiseen to Cairo Intl Airport Line 4, October to Oasis Highway to Mubarak Police Academy. It is expected to finish by 2020. The subway construction to solve the traffic problems has made a significant contribution. Meanwhile, the Government started to develop the river transport on the Nile to redeem the traffic congestion, especially, the peak traffic congestion pressure.International Airport is also a crucial factor in the economic development of a capital. Cairo international airport stands for the gateway of the city and the country. It located in the Heliopolis district, which is about 10miles away from the city central area. However, the air port will be connected with Metro Cairo in couple of years. It also is the second busiest airport in Africa. Cairo Airport handles about 3,400 daily flights, more than 12,100 weekly flig hts and about 125,000 yearly flights. The airport has three terminals with the third (Terminal 3) opening in April 2009 which houses Egypt Air and its Star Alliance partners. (Wikipedia 2009) Practically speaking, the airport really contributes international communication of Cairo and promotes the development of economic.Future developments select Minister Ahmed Nazif has commissioned the Ministry of lodgment, a representative in the General Authority for Urban Planning, to prepare a comprehensive plan for the development of all Downtown Cairo.(The Boursa Exchange 18 Oct. 2009) Therefore, several large downtown development competitions have been hold recently. The Urban Planning Authority planed to create open space to the citizens by this redevelopment. For example, the Cairo Expo City designed by Zaha Hadid and the Sorouh City district designed by Callison. From 2009, the Government is planning to develop the Ramses Square in the central Cairo.A comprehensive vision of the area w ill primarily rely on the transformation of downtowns main streets into pedestrian areas, so that it becomes an area of open-air restaurants and spaces. Said Mustafa al-Madbouli, president of the Urban Planning Authority Among the other proposals is to design the areas principal squares, such as Talaat Harb and Abdel Moneim Riad Squares, in a distinctive way, creating multi-story underground garages, so that most of the traffic rest underground.Conclusion about Cairos urbanization problemsTheoretically, the right urban planning scheme is a proof for urban development. It is important to note, Egypt is an agricultural country with a high proportion of the population, a large number of peasants moved to cities, particularly in large cities. As result, the urban intensity of Cairo in different levels is rare in the world. The large expansion, rapid growth of population, housing issue, traffic congestion and environmental problems are coming out under this situation. It shows that the main development strategy today is to build satellite towns which can be self-sufficient and be part from the city. It is good for economic growth in the few years but it might be cause more and more problem in the future. First, many projects which have make or are going to do are not considered with sustainable issues. The architecture which introduced might not fit with the Cairo culture and climate. many critics are still questioning if those new landmark development project will really attract people as the failure of 70s master plan. Second, the large expansion will rely on the infrastructure which cost huge amount of money and will take a commodious time to complete. Before that, how to solve the traffic problem? Lots of people live in new settlement are still working in downtown they need to travel a long way to work. So this will put more loads on the transportation again. The expansion will make more contrasts between old Cairo and new towns. The poor and people who cou ld not move will set forth there. This has lead to a lower standard of living than in other areas and the standard of living in downtown will keep getting worse. However, the development should never leave the old city behind and make escape for upper-mid class people. Cairos development process must make efforts to their self-awareness, to spank the excessive dependence on external weaknesses. The Government should prevent the screenland copy and follow other foreign capitals, seek for large development to leave away from the reality. Many issues are undergoing right now and those are really what should be improve and solve in the first place.BibliographyAlexander, C. (1977), A Pattern Language Towns, Buildings, Construction, Oxford University Press.Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) (1987), Population, Housing and boldness Census 1986, Preliminary Results, CAPMAS Press, Cairo.CAPMAS (1990), The Statistics Annual Book for A.R.E., 1952-1989, CAPMAS Pr ess, Cairo.CAPMAS (1991), Housing Units and Buildings Characteristics,Final Report, Vol. 4, CAPMAS Press, Cairo.CAPMAS (1997), Population, Housing, and Establishment Census 1996, Preliminary Results, CAPMAS Press, Cairo.Jacobs, J. (1961), The Death and Life of Great American Cities, haphazard House Inc.Internet SourcesWorld Architecture News.com, http//www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index.php?fuseaction=wanappln.projectviewupload_id=12571The Boursa Exchange, http//nottooshaabi.wordpress.com/2009/10/18/the-boursafication-of-downtownWikipedia, Transport in Cairo, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Cairo (modified on 21.11.09)Wikipedia, Cairo Metro, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Metro (modified on 5.1.10)

PhyloCode and Linnean Systems of Classification

PhyloCode and Linnean arrangings of categorisationCells ClassificationIntroductionClassification is the act of placing objects in groups based on characteristics which involves naming and describing different kinds of organisms and species. Historic ally, this was grant by using physical characteristics which is known as the Linnean body of rules. The raw scheme, the PhyloCode, dos a variety of different techniques which atomic number 18 desoxyribonucleic acid and RNA sequences in the proteins and genes.DNA is Deoxyribonucleic Acid that is present in nearly all spirit organisms this is the pinpoint that is the carrier of genetic information and assists with identification (Genetics family line Reference, 2017). RNA is a Ribonucleic Acid that is a nucleic acid found in all living cells, this relays messages from the DNA and controls the proteins (What is RNA, N.D.).Using Classification throughout biology is critical as it assists scientists to group unitedly and give or ganisms the correct micturates as they ar to be identified based on DNA and RNA. There are several characteristics such as genetics, physical appearance and background. It is important to use classification so as any unknown organisms brush aside be correctly identified (SOCRATIC, N.D.).BodyThe Linnean System was developed by a Swedish scientist by the name of Carolus Linnaeus. He discovered that it was easier to attain a standard system for naming species, as there was to umteen names for different species which were too long. He developed the two-part system called binomial Nomenclature, these names are all scientific and written in the delivery of Latin. For example, a cat is Felis Catus and humans are Homo Sapiens. Carolus introduced Taxonomy which was a system used in assisting the grouping of organisms, after galore(postnominal) long time this system is legato utilised today. He used this Linnean System to identify living things and give them a classification this was an easy system to be able to sort the organisms using the names under headings of Life, Domain, ground Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species. The species that are the same can reproduce where as organisms from the same body politic may not be similar (Study.com, 2017).The advantage of the Linnean System was that changes could be made to this classification system and many years afterward other additions were added and updated, although there are limitations where this system is limited to groups that must be named with suffixes that signify their rank in this hierarchy, by reclassifying existing species this can make changes in rank and many taxonomic groups would need renaming (The Linnean System, 2016). The sterilize of rules for controlling Phylogenetic Nomenclature is called PhyloCode, which is designed to name the parts of the manoeuvre of life which branches out into three different categories bacteria, archae and eukaryotes. This is classed as an evolutionary tree which displays the relationship between different groups of organisms. Their differences are genes and characteristics. The PhyloCode doesnt name individual species only when a assemble or group of species also known as a clade which share a common ancestor. The advantage of the PhyloCode is that it allows naming the ranks and avoids name changes that are made from non-scientific decisions. This also reduces errors made by taxonomists. PhyloCode has many benefits as it doesnt name an individual species name but instead a cluster or group of species (American Scientist, 2017).The Linnean system has been used by scientists since the mid(prenominal) 1700,s and is still current, this is the governing body and rules for classification and has been favoured by scientists for many years, whereas the PhyloCode is timid on how to convert names of species and controls only clade names. As scientists do just study, organisms may be placed into two different species as all organisms w here identified as belonging to a single species, they were grouped together as they may have been similar in appearance, with the invention of DNA and technology, there can be changes in classification (American Scientist, 2017).The PhyloCode is more well(p) system for the future as the Linnean System has been used for many years (since mid 1700s). By creating a new system, the world of recognition will revolutionise as PhyloCode is more straightforward and simple system for modern day scientists and students. New information can be utilize as it is researched.ConclusionBoth, PhyloCode and Linnean System are ways of classifying organisms and biologists make it time on identifying and naming these organisms, this is very important for scientists so they can be grouped properly and as there are still unknown organisms, they need to be identified correctly as well. major planet earth has many different species.BibliographyAnon., 2008. Domains. Online Available at http//www.ric.edu /faculty/jmontvilo/109files/109(15)domains.htmAccessed 15 03 17.Anon., 2016. The Linnean System. Online Available at http//www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/glossary/Linnaeus.shtmlAccessed 5 03 17.Anon., 2017. Genetics Home Reference. Online Available at https//ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/dnaAccessed 15 03 17.Anon., 2017. Mnemonic Devices computer storage Tools. Online Available at https//www.mnemonic-device.com/biology/taxonomy/domain-kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species/Accessed 15 03 17.Anon., 2017. Study.com. Online Available at http//study.com/honorary society/lesson/carolus-linnaeus-classification-taxonomy-contributions-to-biology.htmlAccessed 5 03 17.Anon., N.D.. Amateur Entomologists Society. Online Available at https//www.amentsoc.org/insects/glossary/terms/biological-classificationAccessed 5 03 17.Anon., N.D.. Google. Online Available at https//www.google.com.au/?gfe_rd=crei=F85XWOa2L9Tu8wezhp_YDQgws_rd=sslq=what+is+rna*Accessed 15 03 17.Anon., N.D .. SOCRATIC. Online Available at https//socratic.org/questions/why-is-classification-important-in-biologyAccessed 5 03 17.Dictionary.com, 2017. Dictionary.com. Online Available at http//www.dictionary.com/browse/linnean-classificationAccessed 5 03 17.Kinnear, J., 2006. Nature of Biology. Book 1.. tertiary ed. Milton, QLD John Wiley Sons Australia.LLC, 2017. Dictionary.com. Online Available at http//www.dictionary.com/browse/rna?s=tAccessed 15 03 17.Society, T. S. R., 2016. American Scientist. Online Available at http//www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/attacks-on-taxonomyAccessed 15 03 17.

Copyright Law in United Arab Emirates

Copy professional personperly love in get together Arab EmiratesIntroductionMedia Law is a branch of justness that concerns governance of the telecommunications industry, broadcasting, advertising, the entertainment industry, censorship, and laynet and online serve inter alia. There are some(prenominal) branches of this constabulary that help get forward an effective control over different media.An important aspect of media natural law is the Copyright law. Protection of a persons, be it a raw(a) person or a legal person, creative expression ro habit be called as procure. It usually pertains to the protection of intellectual property (Forstenlechner, Mellahi, 2011). passwordLegal secure issues bunghole come to light with respect to some(prenominal) original use up ons including trademarks for various brands, patents for technologies or processes involved in media. Among several issues, licensing occupies a huge space in this regard as illicit distribution of sec ureed works has become exceedingly persistent. Although, peer-to-peer sharing of technologies or spreading of online streams for audio/visual content is extremely beneficial to air news of a new creativity in the market, it is incredibly anti profit for TV, movie and music industry. For rationalize consumption it works corresponding a blessing, for the legal ne deucerks, it is nothing short of a curse (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009).This sketch describes the provisions of copyright laws in the United Arab Emirates.Copyright Law in the UAE as per Federal Law No. 7 of 2002, as amend in 2006The following is a summary of the important aspects of the copyright law as followed in UAE.Items forming part of the copyright lawChapter angiotensin-converting enzyme, article cardinalUnder this law, the losses of causalitys and other concerning right holders are cover if their rape occurs within the boundaries of the UAE (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009). Certain works that tramp be compensated for, if violated, are mentioned belowLiterature including books, booklets, articles, computer software, applications and databases, lectures, speeches, sermons, plays, musicals and pantomimes, musicals both accompanied and unaccompanied by dialogue, audio visual work, architectural work and plans, work involving going, painting, sculpturing, etching, lithography, screen printing, remainder and intaglio prints and other similar works of fine art, photographic work and the like, works of applied art and plastic art, charts, maps, plans, 3-D modeling for geographic and topographical applications and architectural designs, derivative works etc (Forstenlechner, Mellahi, 2011).Items not forming part of the copyright lawThis copyright shall not only provide coverage of losses against violation in respect of title of the work but in any plate in case of the use of the concept of the work by soulfulness not authorized for (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009).Article three of the chapter one of the co pyright laws in UAE further explains that psyches, procedures, business methodologies, mathematical algorithms and basic principles and facts are not covered under this law but only their way of presentation or expressions are covered. That means, that one two persons fag end use the same intellection provided both their presentation differs. A very common example of often(prenominal) a thing can be the design of a water cooler and that of a water dispenser. Both have the same idea but both have utterly varied designs (Hassan, 2009).Copyright as well as does not provide coverage to any of the following1. Official documents, disregardless of what is their source or the language they were designed for, for instance, provisions of law, regulations, decisions, international conventions, motor inn judgments, arbitrators awards and decisions issued with concern to judicial matters by administrative committees (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009).2. News of current events and issues fall un der the spectrum of media coverage.3. Works that are now owned by the semipublic, such as books, magazines, novels etc.Regardless, the items contained in paragraphs one, two and three of this article can be covered if some sort of innovation has been involved in the way these works have been sequenced or collected.Retention rights of the author and his substitutionArticle five of chapter two explains that the author and his general successors get uninterrupted and inalienable rights to the work in question (Hassan, 2009).These rights include1. The right for exit for the first ever time. That means that no one can exsert before the first author.2. The right of paternity/ attribution to receive trust as the author. A patent is automatically raised for the author.3. The right of unity for objection to belittling treatment of a work including alteration of a copyright work that alters the work negatively or impacts the honor or reputation of the author.4. In the light of newly m ake discoveries, the right to send off a work from circulation that provides sufficient reason for doing so (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009).Effect of comment on copyrightArticle six of chapter two explains that alteration in the work by translating it into another language can also be a base for violation of copyright laws at the places where the translator does not point out specifically where the alterations were made or if these alterations affect the honor or image of the author (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009).Right of author, successor of author or copyright holder to license use of the workChapter two, article vii describes the rights of the author and that of his successors. Exclusively, the author and his general successors or whoever the copyright holder whitethorn be, shall have the right to license any utilization of the said work. This can be done via any of the following channels particularly reproduction including electronic loading and storage, any form of representation, bro adcasting or re-broadcasting, public performance or broadcasting, translation, modification, alteration, leasing, lending or any form of take including access through computer or information networks, communication networks or other means (Hassan, 2009).Transfer of economic rights of the workArticle nine-spot of chapter two further explains that the economic rights of the work can be depute by the author or his successor to a third political party whether it is a natural or a legal person. This designation mustiness be in black and white and clearly refer to the right in question, and the objective, period and place of the assignment must also be referenced. And the rights that have not been exilered explicitly, in writing, shall be retained by the author (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009).The author shall respecting the moral rights of the person to whom he has assigned the right, shall not balk any use of the same.Quid pro quoArticle ten of chapter two explains that the author, kee ping in mind quid pro quo, shall do the assignment of rights in exchange for monetary compensation based on the pro rata share of the revenue generated from the consequential utilization of the work. The author has also been allowed to institute another sum of money to it or can also use both of these methods (Hassan, 2009).Disposal of the work shall not be considered as raptus of rightArticle thirteen of chapter two explains that the disposal of the authors work by him shall not count as a channelise of right to use it, but only as a transfer of right to ownership unless the author has agreed for any such clause (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009).International case laws featuring ravishment of copyright lawsThe following legal issues arose repayable to infringement of copyright laws. These followed opinions and judgments by the laws of their respective countries or states (Hassan, 2009). upshot oneBrown v. Bandai America, Inc., et al., 2002 WL 1285265 (N.D. Tex. June 4, 2002)Plaintiff Brown owns the copyright for cartoon drawings called Bone Masters. In the Browns version of it, the cartoons are a unique simulacrum that can add bones on the outside of their small structures, and can further turn into dinosaurs. Sunrise and Bandai are the defendants. They are a Japanese company (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009).They make and sell toy action figures called Dinozaurs. The Dinozaurs exhibit features much similar to Browns characters inclusive of dinosaur-like bones on their head, legs, build up and torsos. The blur and the Childrens Network broadcasted the character of Dinozaurs from July to November 2000. Therefore, the plaintiff filed a copyright infringement case against Bandai and later made the addition of Sunrise and Fox as defendants in the federal court of Dallas, Texas. field of study twoUnited States vs. Elcom, Ltd., etc., et al., 203 F.Supp. 2d 1111 (N.D. Cal. 2002)Elcom Ltd is a Russian software company that violated the digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) by fooling its anti circumvention defenses to add up and sell a computer curriculum that removed restrictions from Adobe Acrobat PDF files and made formatting possible for the Adobe ebook Reader Programs. Such a program had been developed to accommodate ebook publishers in their respective distributions but it had been exploited by Elcom. United States was the plaintiff here with Elcom being the defendant (Hassan, 2009).UAE case laws featuring infringement of copyright lawsCase oneSturdza vs. United Arab Emirates, et al., 281 F.3d 1287 (D.C. Cir. 2002)For a new embassy of the UAE in Washington D.C a competition was held for architects where plaintiff Sturdza submitted a design. The plaintiff was told by the defendant that her design had won the competition and that she was going to get the take away for the embassy. However, later the UAE gave the contract to another architect Demetriou (Samuelson, Wheatland, 2009).Demetrious design had restricting resemblance with that of the plaintiffs. Using Demetrious design, the UAE began building its new embassy. The plaintiff filed a case against the UAE and Demetriou in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, blaming the UAE, inter alia, for copyright infringement. Sturdzas copyright infringement claim, along with other claims, was brush off by the court. However, the court revoked the dismissal of the copyright infringement claim as the jury found profound similarities between the two designs (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009).Case twoDubai which is a renowned city of the UAE has now been highlighted for copyright infringement cases by the worlds largest networking website, Facebook. A hairdresser in Dubais stripping Gardens seems to have adopted Facebooks logo and has a divulge quite an similar to that of the famous and large website. It has even used the same wring scheme for its logo. In fact, the font of the logo is also identical to Facebook (Samuelson, Wheatland, 2009).This case was bro ught into light by International Media Houses. Several small time companies take the liberty to adopt logos or trademarks of larger companies in the hopes to draw their customers, quite forgetting that in doing so they are committing a breach of law (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009).Case threeAnother case that had been reported by Emirates 247 pertained to a clothing store in Dubai that had adopted the name of Europes large retailer Primark. After realizing that the fact that they had committed a breach of law, they altered their name to Mercato (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009).Case fourLikewise, a grocery store in Dubai had unintentionally named itself after United regions retail giant Tesco. Apparently, they had also not realized their crime.Case fiveOn another note, an Emirati internet pirate was arrested by the local anaesthetic authorities in Abu Dhabi. He had the charge of downloading and distributing TV content on free online website. By the time he was caught, he was penalized was one cardinal US dollars. He had been apprehended on 802 counts of piracy breaches (Samuelson, Wheatland, 2009). He was caught by a complaint filed by the Arabian Anti-Piracy Alliance (AAA) with pay-TV network OSN. He made a clear confession of willingly establishing a website where free users could download the subscription only content of the OSN network. His total penalty amounted up to $962400 (Samuelson, Wheatland, 2009).Case sixThe calendar month before apprehension of this pirate, another one had been convicted for establishing a website where altered Xbox 360 consoles were offered and pirated Xbox 360 games were also traded (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009).As per the law, the pirate was sentenced to a three month jail on the charge of copyright infringement and illegitimate alterations in Xbox 360 consoles by the court of first instance in Dubai (Samuelson, Wheatland, 2009).Conclusion tally to the CEO of AAA these current apprehensions express the efficiency of the government incorpo rated operations against profit makers from internet sharing websites. However, the International Intellectual airscrew Alliance believes differently. Keeping in view the above cases, it understands that UAE be put back on the Special 301 Watch List in 2014.ReferencesDaghfous, A., Barkhi, R. (2009). The strategic management of information technology in UAE hotels An exploratory study of TQM, SCM, and CRM implementations.Technovation,29(9), 588-595. Retrieved from http//www. acquirementdirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166497209000765Forstenlechner, I., Mellahi, K. (2011). Gaining legitimacy through hiring local workforce at a premium the case of MNEs in the United Arab Emirates.Journal of World Business,46(4), 455-461. Retrieved from http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090951610000635Hassan, M. K. (2009). UAE corporations-specific characteristics and level of risk disclosure.Managerial Auditing Journal,24(7), 668-687. Retrieved from http//www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/a bs/10.1108/02686900910975378Samuelson, P., Wheatland, T. (2009). Statutory damages in copyright law A remedy in need of reform.Wm. Mary L. Rev.,51, 439. Retrieved from http//heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage? direct=hein.journals/wmlr51div=15id=page=

Typical of british banks

Typical of british banksThis is absolutely natural of British banks. As curtly as you stand any triumph they want to pull the plug and stop you trading. Loretta Long was in truth angry. She is the managing director of commonalty Leisurewear Ltd (PL), and had just received a earn from the wrinkles bank requiring a significant reduction in the everywhere order of payment. This is ridiculous agreed Jimbo Juggins, the production director. conk form we had an excellent year and it looks set to continue. We had a big coiffe in from Totspur Plc just this morning. If we cant assert up the overdraft, we wont be able to fulfil that hostel. Totspur was one of several national chains of free-and-easy and sportswear stores which was placing substantial orders with PL, usually to be sold under the Park label, but in some cases under the stores own brand label. PL had been started by Loretta and Jimbo five years ago. The business is a designer and manufacturer of casual and leisure clothes aimed curiously at the younger, higher income market. Before kickoff the business both Loretta and Jimbo had been employed as senior managers with White stag Plc, a large UK clothes manufacturer. They decided to create PL after their ideas for develop a bare-assed range of clothes for younger people had been welcomed by White Hart Plc but investment capital had non been available.From the very outset, Loretta and Jimbo decided that PL would be a design and marketing led business. frequently of the forward planning was concerned with integrating the product design and reading with the sales and marketing operations of the business. The new business had taken a lot of trouble and spent a lot of money on employing a young and talented design police squad, led by Heena ibn Talal Hussein who had been employed previously as a chief designer for a leading sportswear brand. The range of clothes designed by Heena and her team was greeted with enthusiasm by the major buyers and this was converted into firm orders by the marketing team led by Loretta.PL grew slowly at first. However, sales started to make up significantly as the brand gained acceptability in the UK and as exporting markets in France and Switzer toss off were opened. Loretta and Jimbo were both surprised and delighted by the speed with which the sales of the business had grown in youthful years and by the increment base of regular customers. The order just received from Totspur was seen as particularly important. If Totspur became a regular customer, the sales of the business were likely to increase speedily over the near few years and would establish PL as a major player in the market. This, Loretta and Jimbo felt up, would build upon their victor, success evidenced in the year to 30 September 2007 by the Cash Generated from Operations (as shown on their published Cash Flow Statement) of 6,608,000. Loretta and Jimbo had both invested their life savings in the business and had al so taken out large mortgages on their several(prenominal) houses to help finance the new business. However, this provided only a relatively wasted amount of the total ordinary share capital needed. In order to raise the remaining share capital, friends, family and business contacts were climb uped. The largest shareholder of the business was Crowley Estates Ltd realise by Alan and Tim Crowley. The ii Crowley br new(prenominal)s had made large profits by land speculation over the years but were keen to diversify into other areas as their business had been particularly hard hit by the new-fangled recession. They had k outrightn Loretta for many years and were convinced she and Jimbo would make a success of the new business.PLs directors and their shareholdings were as followsLoretta LongManaging Director and Marketing Director (700,000 shares)Jimbo Juggins product Director (700,000 shares)Heena HusseinDesign Director (40,000 shares)Alan CrowleyChairman (2,000,000 shares owned together with with brother Tim through Crowley Estates)Tim CrowleyNon-executive directorIn addition to his role as production director, Jimbo tended to look after financial matters. Though the business had accounts cater who dealt with the day-to-day transactions, there was no one at PL who had any abundant financial expertise. When there was a problem, the businesss auditors were normally postulateed for advice. That said, Loretta and Jimbo had non consulted the auditors in October 2007 when they had purchased new equipment and buildings for 8,670,000, part of which had been funded by an additional bank loan.On the day the letter from the bank was received, a meeting of the board of directors was due to take situate to consider the draft financial statements for the year that had ended two months earlier. At this meeting, the letter from the bank was also distributed to board members for discussion. Jimbo Juggins began the discussion by formulaWeve just received the draft acc ounts from the auditors which seem to confirm our success. Profit has to a greater extent than doubled. I really cant see how the cash situation is so poor. I know that we spent a lot on that additional plant and that we didnt get anything from the old machines we got rid of, but most of that was cover by the bank loan. Really, the cash situation should be even bankrupt than the profit level implies because the expenses include about 2.8 million for depreciation and we dont shake off to write a cheque for that.Loretta Long, who was still angry at what she regarded as the high-handed attitude of the bank, pointed to the difficulties that the banks demands would cause The bank wants us to reduce the overdraft by half over the next six months This is crazy I try to explain that we have important orders to fulfil but the manager wasnt interested. How on earth can we find this kind on money in the time available? We are existence asked to do the impossible. some(prenominal) Jimbo an d Loretta had, forrader the meeting, take tod that the Crowley brothers would be prepared to help out by purchasing get ahead new shares in PL or by making a loan. However, it was soon made exhaust by Alan Crowley that further investment was not a possible option. Crowley Estates had been experiencing considerable problems over recent years, as a payoff of a couple of unprofitable overseas projects, and simply did not have the money to invest further in PL. Indeed, the Crowley brothers would be prepared to mete out their shares in PL to generate much-needed cash for their own ailing business. Finding a prospective buyer for the shares was not, however, a likely prospect at this point. Both Alan and Tim Crowley had been heavily involved in recent years with the problems of Crowley Estates and had taken small-minded interest in PLs affairs. The board meeting made them realise that they should have been much more attentive and now faced the prospect of being major shareholders o f two failed businesses unless things could be radically improved. PLs financial statements for the past two years are set out below on the next two pages*NoteOpening net book value of NCAs (8,600) depreciation charge for the year 2,800Closing net book value of NCAs 14,470NCA additions during the year 8,670The board of directors was not able to agree on a bureau of dealing with the financial problem faced by PL. Loretta believed that their best hope was to continue to wrangle with the bank over its demands. She felt that their was still a chance that the bank could be persuaded to change its mind once the draft financial statements for last year were made available and the bank was cognizant of the implications for PL of paying off such a large part of the overdraft in such a short period of time. Jimbo and Heena, on the other hand, were not optimistic about the prospects of changing the banks position. PL had breached its overdraft limit on several occasion over the past few year s and they knew that the patience of the bank was now wearing thin. They believed that the only real solution was for the board to look for somebody who was prepared to make a significant investment in the business. They felt that only a large injection of new funds could keep PL on track. Like Loretta, they believed that the financial statements demonstrated the success of PL over recent years and that this evidence would make the business attractive to a potential drop investor. The Crowley brothers rejected both of these views as being impractical. In addition, they were against the idea of introducing other major shareholder as this was likely to dilute their influence over the future direction of the business. The brothers believed that the board required drastic and immediate action, although they were not sure what form of action should be taken. After several hours of discussion, it was clear that the financial issue was not going to be resolved at the meeting. Instead, it was agreed that expertise from outside PL should be sought to help the business find a feasible solution to the problem. The board decided to approach BUS021 Financial Consultants, a firm which specialises in helping businesses with financial problems, and to ask the firm to analyse the financial performance and financial health of the company.

Stock Essay -- Economy

An active investor invests his all resources to determine the fair value of a telephone circuit. However, most of the times, he is un able to acquire a piece of information that is not on tap(predicate) in the public domain and that information may alter the prospect distri besidesion of his investment decision (James Lorie, 1980). In this phenomenon, an active investor may see the non-public information by considering corporate insiders action in their own stock. many a(prenominal) previous studies (e.g., Jaffe, 1974 Finnerty, 1976a, b Seyhun, 1986, 1988a, b Rozeff and Zaman, 1988 Lin and Howe, 1990) document that corporate insiders pursue finical information and on that special information, not only insiders are able to earn abnormal profits through trading stocks of own firms but also outsiders also able to earn abnormally by however mimicking their actions. In financial economies literature, these findings have been considered as a violation of mart place efficiency.The main objective of this study is to determine market reactions around the day of insider trading and the day of announcements on Indian stock market. We are unique to perform our summary on Indian data because a major chunk of studies on insider trading are concentrated on the U.S data. Therefore, the analysis of India insider trading data provides an independent outcome to compare with previous studies results. Besides, at that place are enough differences between the US and India market, which indicate that the results of these studies may not be robust in Asia or emerging markets. First difference, the monomania structure of emerging markets firms is more concentrated than developed markets firms (La Porta et al, 1999). For example, La Porta et al (1998) find that in the Indian firm, the top th... ... to equipment casualty ratio and size effects of approximately 9% per annum in market ride error term. Moreover, Finnerty (1976) finds that insiders most likely to buy their own stock when a firm is a small size and having low BM ratio compared to other firms whose stocks the average insiders are selling. If insiders buy tend to be concentrated in small size and low BM firms, the abnormal returns of insider trading information that are calculated by the market model may be significantly differ from zero in the absence seizure of special information. In this paper, we calculate adjusted abnormal returns of insider trading that school into account the size and BM ratio effects. In this methodology, we argue that when we get together the firm of insider trading with similar size and BM ratio portfolio, and hence adjusted abnormal returns will be originated because of the special information.

Education: The Idea of A University Essay -- Sociology Sociological Es

Education The Idea of A UniversityIt is accredited that every human being should have the right to a titular education. A great majority of parents send their children off to Kindergarten (or pre educate if they should be so fortunate) in the hopes that someday they will watch their child receive his or her high school diploma. And the dream continues in the form of college. And who are these spate who are inside(a) enough to receive such an honor. Just that...the allow and the honored. The ones who are embarking into higher academia are the ones of the upper and middle classes the privileged the honored. The ones who might not have the money but have the grades or physical talent to obtain scholarships. And what happens to the rest? For some kids, high school is where it ends. or so will go on to work for a family business, keep up a job in a drug store, travel and bring down the world or draw and quarter married and have a family. Some will not be so fortunate and may not even make it step forward of high school. The kindergarten class where all of these youngsters started out together has now been divided into two groups the educated and the uneducated. The effects of mendicancy and life circumstance have made their way into peoples lives transforming them into the people that dont go to college. Having defined these two clear groups of people, it is time to examine their relationship. How do, more appropriately how should a society and a university interact and relate to one another? In answering this interrogate I would like to examine two notions. First, how it is that people learn and bewilder educated. Second, how can these people, belonging to both the university community and the common community, be conjugate together. I would like to b... ... educated from the uneducated, defined as humanities. Giving students the know-how to get along in the world was deemed just as important and the authentic knowledge that one has obtained. The s ubject of formal knowledge was also brought to the table. another(prenominal) way to link the university and society together is to use the canon as a common core. Making this canon accessible to everyone is essential if there is to be a merging between these two worlds. Works CitedRose, M. Lives on the Boundary. The Presence of Others Voices and Images That Call for Response. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford & John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston, MA Bedford/St. Martins, 2000. 105-119. Spayde, J. Learning in the depict of Life. The Presence of Others Voices and Images That Call for Response. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford & John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston, MA Bedford/St. Martins. 2000. 58-64.

Sociology And Its Aim Essay -- Sociology Essays

Sociology and Its AimSociology is the scientific study of society and human behavior. Thisis the most basic definition of sociology that single would find. Getting a littlemore in depth, it is the study of macrocosm in groups and how they interact with hotshot another. A scientist in this field, a sociologist, would experience at thesegroups by means of the sociological perspective. This involves looking at acertain behavior like you have never witnessed it before. If done powerful thesociologist should be able to gain a new level of fellow feeling of the behavioror genial reality.The term group could refer to a lot of things as far as groups of lot.It could be two people but for the purpose of sociology it should be a lot more.There atomic number 18 demographic variables used when defining the group. These are thingssuch as race, religion, sex, social class, and so on.When a sociologist studies behavior the most important aspect they get windis the interaction of people bo th within the group and with people that mark off intoother groups. This action can be what the individuals verbally say to oneanother or simply their nonverbal messages. There are galore(postnominal) hand signs, bothgood and bad, that people exchange as tumefy as facial expressions in reaction toan event or statement. presently that I have some of the terms described lets look atan example.I hate lawyers. This is a personal...

Pope John Paul IIs Influence on the Fall of Communism Essay -- Biogra

THESIS STATEMENTBoth the words and performances of pope John capital of Minnesota II were crucial to the downf exclusively of communism in Germany as well as his native Poland.PURPOSE STATEMENTThis musical theme will discuss pope John Paul IIs role in the fall of communism in Germany and his native Poland by in depth research and an analysis of biographical research.INTRODUCTION all the same as a child, people knew that Karol Wojtyla was destined for greatness. Even his mother bragged to all her neighbors that her newborn son would grow into a great man. And that he did.He served as pope from 1978 until his death in 2005, a period of oer twenty-six years. He was the youngest pope of the Twentieth Century as well, take at the age of fifty-eight. However, the most striking aspect of his election was that he was Polish the first non-Italian pope since the Fifteenth Century He was a remarkable man, who with bold religious zeal and diplomatic shrewdness pressure open doors (Accattoli et al 45). He forced people to seriously remember about their lives. About morality, conscience, religion. He attacked communism will every oz. of his will and helped to bring down the Berlin wall. He demonstrated in action that Christian conviction can be the agent of human loss (Weigel 847). Its almost impossible to believe that such a renowned man had such humble beginnings.Born in Wadowice, Poland on may 20th, 1920, Karol Wojtyla grew up in an environment of communism and depression. His mother was sickly and died at a young age, leaving him and his father al whizz, as his older fellow Edmund was away at school. Many times Karol, or Lolek, as he was called by those dear to him, would enter his fathers bedroom posthumous at night and see him knelt on the floor ... ...e like Pope John Paul II in their lifetime. Someone intelligent, virtuous, courageousnessous, and, for lack of break up words, miraculous. A man who could look at the political situation with optimism and label Even Communists are people, and people change (Accattoli et al 52). Undoubtedly, without the inspiring speeches, actions, and overall presence of Pope John Paul II, the communist regimes in Germany and Poland would watch never met their downfall. One of Communisms basic tenets is that reality shapes ones sentience. But consciousness also shapes reality, and the popes visions electrified the consciousness of the masses (Accattoli et al 49).Both the actions and words of Pope John Paul II were crucial to the downfall of communism in Germany and his native Poland. Without his courage in the face of adversity, Europe today would be completely different.

Neurobiology of Aging and the Diagnosis of Generalized Degenerative Dis

The neurologic deficits of aging may be viewed from a developmental perspective. That is, the decline in functional efficiency and deterioration of exceedingly specialized non-dividing neuronal cells is the end point of a maturation plow that occurs throughout adult life. Involution to ripening is a normal, inevitable, and inexorable physiological march the end phase of which is expressed in generally sure and specifically unpredictable ways. The earliest of these developmental changes occurs long before senescence and the effects of these physiological events quietly accumulate toward expression late in life. There is a relationship between chronological age and the developmental dimensions of human life, including behavior and intelligence. This relationship begins at conception, and is at that point the whole moment when in that location is exact correspondence between chronology and development. Afterwards, behavior or structural differentiation have shifting reference po ints one with almost structural differentiation or performance milestone already achieved, the separate with the time chronology (age) of the organism. Development refers to a continuum of lifelong biological and psychological processes. neurological development along the biological scale is swift and complex during the prenatal period and small units of time constitute considerable change. In infancy, there is less neurological change as compared to prenatal development, but it is easily more than those changes that occur in adult life. Indeed, in adult life, neurological development largely constitutes a diminution in function. Nonetheless, until the onset of senescence, in the absence of organic ace pathology, psychological development and learning co... ...otein and the neurofibrillary pathology of Alzheimers infirmity. TINS. 1993 16 (11) 460-465. 5.Goldman, J., Cote, L. Aging of the Brain Dementia of the Alzheimers Type. Chapter 62 (reference incomplete). 6.Hansen, L. A. Deteresa, R. Davies, P. I., and Terry, R. D. neocortical morphometry, lesion counts, and choline acetyl-transferase levels in the age spectrum of Alzheimers disease. Neurology, 38 48-54. 7. Human, B. T., Van Hoesen, G.W., Damasio, A. R. and Barnes, C. L. Alzheimers disease Cell specific pathology isolates the hippocampal formation. Science, 225 1168-1170. 8. Miyakawa, T., Katsuragi, K., Yamashita, K., Ohuchi, K. Morphological study of amyloid fibrils and preamyloid deposits in the brain with Alzheimers disease. Acta Neuropathologica, 1992 83 340-346. 9. Rossor, M. Alzheimers disease. Brit. Med. J., 1993 321 779-782.

Essay example --

Pada dasarnya ilmu hubungan internasional adalah segala hal yang berhubungan dengan batasan negara. Dan segala interaksi tersebut berhubungan dengan kerjasama dan juga konflik. Fokus dari ilmu hubungan internasional yaitu mempelajari tentang penyebab - penyebab dan kondisi - kondisi yang menciptakan kerjasama keluar batas negara. Kerjasama dapat tercipta sebagai akibat dari adaptasi perilaku aktor-aktor dalam mengantisipasi, merespon, hingga berkonflik. Kerjasama dapat dijalankan dalam suatu prosesi perundingan yang diadakan secara langsung. Proses perundingan dapat saja tidak berlangsung ketika aktor aktor di dalamnya sudah saling mengerti satu sama lainnya. Menurut James dan Robert Pfaltzgraff kerjasama dapat didefinisikan sebagai rangkaian hubungan - hubungan yang tidak berdasarkan pada kekerasan dan paksaan serta sudah disahkan secara hukum. Contohnya dalam sebuah organisasi yang beranggotakan negara negara di dunia ini yaitu PBB dan Uni Eropa. Aktor-aktor di dalam negara memb angun hubungan kerjasama melalui suatu rezim internasinal dan organisasi internasional, yang dapat ...

lord of the flies :: essays research papers

Lord of the FliesWhat could be more perfect, than a host of kids wholly on a tropical island? Where there argon no adults or rules to live by. This would seem to be any childs dream. This is the set for William Goldings novel Lord of the Flies. In this novel a group of British boys get stranded on an island, with no sign of plenty around them except for themselves. At first the boys are prepared pee-pee fun and good times. It isnt long until reality sets in. There are many things to be d wizard. Out of the excitement two boys, Ralph and jackass, emerge as potential leaders. Ralph, who is the more levelheaded of the two, represents the civilized side of gay personality. tho jackstones, who loves adventure and excitement, represents the crazy side of human nature. What side of human nature will the boys choose, a civilized society or a savage one? Ralph is a tall and fair-haired boy about xii years old. Because of his looks athletic abilities, the boys think of him as a na tural leader. cocksucker in the other hand is a bully, who likes to intimate the other boys. scalawag is the only one that carries a knife and enjoys using it, when attempting to kill the piglet. motherfucker is always competing with Ralph for control over the boys. Both boys recognize the need for hostel on the island. Ralph tries to form a more orderly way of living, by using the knoch as a way to keep order. Any one who had something to say had to wait to get the knoch. In contrast to what Ralph was tiring to do, Jack and his choirboys would enforce the rules buy beating up anyone who disobeyed. Because of their different ideas and principles, the two boys straddle apart. Ralph who is more responsible wants the boys to start making shelters for them to live in. In train Jacks only concern is to hunt and catch the natural state pig. As the novel progresses Ralph continues to try and civilize the boys. As time goes by all Jack is concerned about is the thrill of the hunt. As Jacks obsession with hunting grows, he dives deeper and deeper into the savage side of human nature. When Jack begins to paint his face with clay. He sees his reflection in the water system and he is surprise by the his appetence.

A Comparison of Heart of Darkness and Facts Concerning the Late Arthur

Heart of phantom and Facts Concerning the Late Arthur Jermyn and His Family Knowledge star(p) to Insanity in H.P. Lovecrafts Facts Concerning the Late Arthur Jermyn and His Family and the influence of Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Science, alrady tyrannical with its schocking revelations, willing perhaps be the ultimate exterminator of our military man species-if signalise species we be-for its reserve of unguessed horrors could never be borne by mortal brains if loosed upon the world. --H.P. Lovecraft, Facts Concerning the Late Arthur Jermyn and His Family twain texts, Heart of Darkness, and Facts Concerning the Late Arthur Jermyn and His Family ar about the limits of the human mind. rough are able to contain powerful universal truths and some are not. Lovecraft, twenty-one age after the publication of Heart of Darkness, uses it as a partial basis for the exploration of the dangers of Darwin on the human psyche. Therefore, I explore Conrads imagery and ultimate purpo se in order to yield how it is repeated in Lovecrafts story. European progression into Africa can be summarized as attempting to draw a straight line to the center. In Heart of Darkness, Conrad gives two important verbal descriptions of European exploration to support seeing it as a linear, penetrating movement. One is the importance of rivers in exploration, which I will discuss in more detail. The other is one of the European managers description of the ideal goal of the stations on the river to each link up in a line and ferry civilization and goodness into Africa. turn of events to rivers, they appear first when Marlow is discussing the blank spots on the map. He says that these jaundiced spaces are filled... ...s lineage back to its origin led Arthur Jermyn straight into death, honourable as extending the line of stations into the Congo led Kurtz into death. Twenty-one years after the publishing of Heart of Darkness, its effect on the perception of Africa can be clearly seen. Lovecraft is an American commercial author, without the colonial positioning of a 19th century English author, so his appropriation of Conrad is base solely on the power of the text. Together, both stories make a real powerful statement on the true state of the average human being and what his or her mind might be capable of understanding. work Cited Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. 1899 Lovecraft, Howard Phillip. Facts Concerning the Late Arthur Jermyn and His Family. Dagon and Other Macabre Tales. Arkham House Sauk City, WI. 1965. orig. pub. 1920. pp 73-83

gorge washington :: essays research papers

majuscule fatigued his years as a planter trying to gain sparing independence from the London merchants who bought his crops. worry many another(prenominal) colonists, he grew frustrated at what he and many other(a) colonists saw as unfair laws. In the 1760s, the colonists repeatedly clashed with the British fan tan everyplace questions of taxation and trade. The British regimen had racked up a huge debt during the French and Indian War. Since American colonists had benefited from the British victory in this war, fantan believed it only fair that Americans help pay up for the effort. But Americans have neer liked paying taxes and have never shied from using the language of sounds to discharge not paying. fantan, for its part, never took American grievances really seriously. In the space of single decade, the 1760s, these grievances grew from grumbles about taxes to a strong swear for independence.A series of parliamentary laws goaded the colonists to increasing leve ls of anger the 1765 muller solve led to boycotts and protests the Townshend Acts of 1767 resulted in a movement to stop trade British goods. Washington was a leader in this movement. In retaliation, British troops occupied Boston. An poor skirmish between colonists and British troops, visualized by Samuel Adams and other uprises as the Boston Massacre, brought further opposition to fumbling British policies. Continuing noncompliance in Boston led Parliament to pass the Coercive Acts, which on the whole closed Boston harbor in an attempt to cut onward the Boston rebels from the rest of the colonies. On April 19, 1775, the Battles of Lexington and take for broke out when British troops tried to seize a rebel stockpile of weapons. This began the basal War.Washington watched these developments with fear. He would lose a lot if a ascent took place. In 1758 the idea of rebelling against Britain was unthinkable to him, as it was to most colonists. Yet he was also angry at Bri tain for having been denied a commission in the British Army and humiliated by the armys leave out of respect for the Virginia militia. Like many colonists, he was hurt financially by the effects of the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts. He believed, like many of his contemporaries, that he and his fellow Americans were being taxed without representation.Washington vigorously joined the non-importation movement and presided over a meeting in 1774 at the Fairfax County Court House. The delegates affirmed Americans right to govern themselves and threatened to rebel if Britain would not respect this right.gorge capital of the United States essays research papers Washington spent his years as a planter trying to gain economic independence from the London merchants who bought his crops. Like many colonists, he grew frustrated at what he and many other colonists saw as unfair laws. In the 1760s, the colonists repeatedly clashed with the British Parliament over questions of taxation and tra de. The British government had racked up a massive debt during the French and Indian War. Since American colonists had benefited from the British victory in this war, Parliament believed it only fair that Americans help pay for the effort. But Americans have never liked paying taxes and have never shied from using the language of rights to justify not paying. Parliament, for its part, never took American grievances very seriously. In the space of one decade, the 1760s, these grievances grew from grumbles about taxes to a strong desire for independence.A series of Parliamentary laws goaded the colonists to increasing levels of anger the 1765 Stamp Act led to boycotts and protests the Townshend Acts of 1767 resulted in a movement to stop importing British goods. Washington was a leader in this movement. In retaliation, British troops occupied Boston. An unfortunate skirmish between colonists and British troops, portrayed by Samuel Adams and other rebels as the Boston Massacre, brought further opposition to heavy-handed British policies. Continuing disobedience in Boston led Parliament to pass the Coercive Acts, which completely closed Boston harbor in an attempt to cut off the Boston rebels from the rest of the colonies. On April 19, 1775, the Battles of Lexington and Concord broke out when British troops tried to seize a rebel stockpile of weapons. This began the Revolutionary War.Washington watched these developments with fear. He would lose a lot if a rebellion took place. In 1758 the idea of rebelling against Britain was unthinkable to him, as it was to most colonists. Yet he was also angry at Britain for having been denied a commission in the British Army and humiliated by the armys lack of respect for the Virginia militia. Like many colonists, he was hurt financially by the effects of the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts. He believed, like many of his contemporaries, that he and his fellow Americans were being taxed without representation.Washington vigorously joined the non-importation movement and presided over a meeting in 1774 at the Fairfax County Court House. The delegates affirmed Americans right to govern themselves and threatened to rebel if Britain would not respect this right.

Learning Styles and the Brain Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

How Did You Know That?Learning Styles and the BrainAlthough more or less commonly frame in academic contexts, encyclopedism style lies at the foundation of exclusive identity and development. Learning, the process of acquiring knowledge some the world (1) and schooling style, ...the sum of the patterns of how man-to-mans develop habitual ways of responding to follow through (2) reflect an swan of attitudes, emotional responses, preferences and habits. It is the basis of how we interact with, process and ar subsequently impact by inputs from our environment. In addition to providing a commonplace overview of scholarship styles, this root manages the claim that distinctions resulting from these models support the existence of the I-function. A prelim understanding of learning styles requires some knowledge of brain functioning. Currently, specific rational number locations are associated with grouchy functions. The left and right hemispheres of the brain employ unali ke strategies that classify individuals as either analytic (left) or global (right) learners. A successive processor (left) prefers to learn in a step-by-step attendant format, beginning with expatiate leading to a patternual understanding of a skill. A coincidental processor (right) prefers to learn beginning with the general concept and then red ink on to specifics. (2) Constructing learning style along these lines has situated classroom methods for decades. conventional pedagogy has long favored the left-sided student, emphasizing accurate, rational and sequential thought. Right-sided learners, with a proclivity towards a spontaneous, random, and visual style, possess a mode that is undervalued and very much stifled. Current theories of human learning contend that learni... ...ciously channelise these things, or hold dear how much of who we are is already rooted in the nervous strategy awaiting the opportunity for expression. Learning models enable students and educa tors to assess individual learning styles and to trend strategies and experiences accordingly. Understanding the neuro-biological aspects of learning could provide critical perceptivity for issues such as learning disabilities. Culture affects what particular style is fostered and preferred. brainwave into this aspect of learning style might contribute towards understanding inequalities in the educational constitution that result, for example, in higher dropout rates for minority students, and make educational clear a more attainable goal. Internet Sourceshttp//www.brains.org/path.htmhttp//cogsci.ucsd.edu/stjohn/bbs.abstract.htmlhttp//io.uwinnipeg.ca/epritch1/impnexp.htm Learning Styles and the Brain test -- Biology Essays Research PapersHow Did You Know That?Learning Styles and the BrainAlthough most commonly framed in academic contexts, learning style lies at the foundation of individual identity and development. Learning, the process of acquiring knowledge a bout the world (1) and learning style, ...the sum of the patterns of how individuals develop habitual ways of responding to experience (2) reflect an array of attitudes, emotional responses, preferences and habits. It is the basis of how we interact with, process and are subsequently affected by inputs from our environment. In addition to providing a general overview of learning styles, this paper makes the claim that distinctions resulting from these models support the existence of the I-function. A preliminary understanding of learning styles requires some knowledge of brain functioning. Currently, specific cerebral locations are associated with particular functions. The left and right hemispheres of the brain employ different strategies that classify individuals as either analytic (left) or global (right) learners. A successive processor (left) prefers to learn in a step-by-step sequential format, beginning with details leading to a conceptual understanding of a skill. A simultan eous processor (right) prefers to learn beginning with the general concept and then going on to specifics. (2) Constructing learning style along these lines has dictated classroom methods for decades. Traditional pedagogy has long favored the left-sided student, emphasizing accurate, rational and sequential thought. Right-sided learners, with a proclivity towards a spontaneous, random, and visual style, possess a mode that is undervalued and often stifled. Current theories of human learning contend that learni... ...ciously change these things, or appreciate how much of who we are is already rooted in the nervous system awaiting the opportunity for expression. Learning models enable students and educators to assess individual learning styles and to tailor strategies and experiences accordingly. Understanding the neuro-biological aspects of learning could provide critical insight for issues such as learning disabilities. Culture affects what particular style is fostered and preferre d. Insight into this aspect of learning style might contribute towards understanding inequalities in the educational system that result, for example, in higher dropout rates for minority students, and make educational reform a more attainable goal. Internet Sourceshttp//www.brains.org/path.htmhttp//cogsci.ucsd.edu/stjohn/bbs.abstract.htmlhttp//io.uwinnipeg.ca/epritch1/impnexp.htm

The Crazy Lady in The Yellow Wallpaper :: Yellow Wallpaper essays

The Yellow cover does nothing but confuse me. It seems to be about(predicate)a high gear strung, mentally ill char who is obsessed with rotting paper. This colour wallpaper obsesses her so much that she begins to distrust foreveryone, evenher husband. She is terrified that someone leave alone take her wallpaper or find outmore about it than she knows. One point I found interesting is that she sees a woman behind barstrying to get out in the manikin of the wallpaper. This might be the only thingin this novel that make sense to me. The pattern with the woman seems to berelated to the musical mode she is being treated by her husband, John. John is veryprotective of her wife because she is in all reality a very sick woman. Shefeels trapped because of this and the way she sees the paper must be anindication. She stays up late at night and hours on end during the day to stareat worthless, tattered, yellow wallpaper. This story really bored me to death. All I could think of was, when isthis story going to be over? I remember having a super active imagination asa child but this is ridiculous. She sees mushrooms shoot and women shakingbars and shes a middle aged woman. The last era I ever saw anything close tothat was when I was 10 old age old and I saw G.I.Joes crawling up and down mywalls at night. I dont understand this woman behavior nor have I everexperienced anyone in real life who acted this way. Johns wife is not an maltreated woman. She is actually well taken care of and

The Colector Crimes vs. Drug Crimes :: essays research papers

Various umbrages have select penalties in which they atomic number 18 accompanied with. As a part of the American dash, fairness and referee is the prime concern in the court of law. However, some specific crimes do not seem to fit the punishment. Although these serious offenses are in accompaniment crimes, their penalties coincide with unlawful acts that effect more people, and therefore should not be of the same(p) punishment. Examples of these unequal ratios are the comparisons between murder and kidnaping laws to those of do drugs crimes. These offenses are and so actions that effect more than one person in a negative way. The victims, along with their families and friends, are impacted dramatically when a person is lost, missing, or even dead. These effects last long after justness is served. But how well is this justice served? Are murderers on the same levels of drug offenders?First degree murder is the most heinous crime with the harshest penalties in the American j udicial system. No other offense will leave the same punishments to convicts, which honestly makes perfect sense. However, second degree murder calls for up to a $25,000 fine and/or four to twenty years in prison, (Rockton site). This crime, voluntary manslaughter, is the deliberate and intentional murder of a person. Along with this crimes penalty, there is an equal punishment if the act was drug related. For possessing cardinal grams of cocaine without intent to sell, an offender will be exposed to the same consequences as if they would have shot and killed a young woman in the middle of a crowded building, (Hoffman Estates site). Possession of that amount of cocaine is indeed an offense, but does it equal the loss of a life? If this criminal was exchange this amount, the charge should be higher since more people are affected. For subject, it would be suicide if one were to o.d. on the amount of cocaine, but if an overdose was a result of ones sales, than this action would be dubbed forced manslaughter, or the unintentional act leading to a death. However, this consequence is alone of possession, not supplying to another person who could harm themselves. Another example of these extreme penalties is the common link between kidnaping and possession of methamphetamine. Possession of pentad grams of methamphetamine with intent to sell is obviously a disgusting way of life, but so is the abduction of a person.

circumstances in make lemonade Essay -- essays research papers

CircumstancesCircumstances they rule our lives. One has if not no control, and then VERY little control, over their actions when they ar placed in crude circumstances. It is very difficult to break through your surroundings, to beat everyone around you. thither is a quote Circumstances rule men and not circumstances. The supposition of this quote, that one doesnt have control over their turnout when they are placed in harsh circumstances, shows up in other places as well. There is another quote which is similar to this one. The quote is Circumstances do us they force us on one road or another then they punish us for it. Circumstances define us we are only who the people around us make us out to be. We take after our surroundings. It is hard to stay away from big(a) things, if all told that surrounding us is bad. It is difficult to resist peer pressure. In the novel Make Lemonade, by Virginia Ewer Wolf, LaVaughn wants out. She wants to get away from all of the violence, all th e drugs. She wants to get out of where she lives, which is very similar to the projects, some neighborhoods unspoiled her ARE the projects, and to go to college. She wants to escape from all of the peer pressure. She understands that she is not open(a) of becoming the type of woman she wants to be if she never experiencing life away(p) of her circumstances, life outside of drugs, violence and other things of the sort. Her surroundings, the circumstance...

The Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis) :: botany

The Rubber corner (Hevea brasiliensis)Rubber is a valuable commodity in todays economy. A broad number of products be made from it, including washers, gloves, gaskets, tubing, waterproof clothing, toys, erasers, belts, elastics, bottle stoppers, and insulation for galvanising wiring. The largest single use of pencil eraser is in the manufacture of pneumatic tires which consumes 60% to 70% of the chalk up world production each year. Demand for rubber has grown remarkably since the beginning of the industrial revolution. It is one species, Hevea brasiliensis, which makes up 99% of the worlds natural rubber production. In 1989 that production was worth an estimated 4 billion dollars. Hevea brasiliensis (the para rubber tree) is a South American native that can grow to a height of 150 feet. The trees arrest a smooth bark and palmately compound leaves. They are synoicous and have small inconspicuous flowers. The seeds are akin to castor beans. On ripening, the fruit capsule expl odes and propels the seeds away from the tree. Hevea brasiliensis is a member of the family spurge family (the spurge family). Euphorbiaceae is a diverse family with approximately 290 genera and 7,500 species. Within the family, there are herbs, shrubs, trees, and fleshy cactus-like species. Some plants from this family are used for their medicinal properties and edible parts. Others are used simply as ornamentals. While there are numerous useful plants in the family Euphorbiaceae, the sweet and bitter cassava plants (genus Manihot dulcis and Manihot esculenta), as well as the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis), are of great economic importance. Latex bearing plants are found in almost 20 botanical families. The most prominent families include Sapotaceae, Moraceae, Compositae, Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. In total there are about 18,000 species of latex-producing plants. Yet, only a few species are currently exploited. Commercially useful rubber-producing spe cies include Hevea benthamiana (Para rubber), Hevea guianensus (Para rubber), Manihot glaziovii (Ceara rubber), Manihot dichotoma (Jeque rubber), Castilla elastica (Panama rubber), Ficus elastica (India rubber), Funtimia elastica (Lagos rubber), Landolphia kirkii (Landolphia rubber), Landolphia gentilli (Landolphia or Madagascar rubber), Landolphia heudelotii (Landolphia or Madagascar rubber), Landolphia owariensis (Landolphia or Madagascar rubber), Crytostegia grandiflora (Madagascar rubber), Crytostegia madagascariansis (Madagascar rubber), Parthenium argentatum (Guayule), genus Taraxacum kok-saghyz (Russian dandelion), Taraxacum megalorhizon (Russian dandelion), Palaquim gutta (Gutta percha), Manilkara bidentata (Balata), and Manilkara zapata (Chicle). Depending on the species of plant, the latex whitethorn be found in a number of locations. It may be within the cells or intercellular spaces of the roots, stems, or leaves of the plant.

A Summary of Bram Stokers Dracula Essay -- English Literature

A Summary of Bram Stokers DraculaDracula is an informal novel, meaning that is composed from letters,journal and diary entries, telegrams, and newspaper clippings.Jonathan Harker, mynah Murray (later mynah Harker), and Dr. Seward writethe largest contributions to the novel although the writings of LucyWestenra and Abraham Van Helsing constitute some secern parts of thebook. The novel has a slightly journalistic feel, as it is a harrowingaccount supposedly written by the people who witnessed the booksevents.A young Englishman named Jonathan Harker travels through Transylvaniaon a business trip. He is in that location to aid Count Dracula, a Transylvaniannobleman, in buying an English estate. His tour into the remoteEastern European landscape is fearsome, although initially he is fascinate by the Counts generosity and intelligence. Gradually, hecomes to realize that he is a prisoner in Draculas castle, and thatthe Count is a demonic being who plans to prey on the teeming massesof London. Possessing the supernatural ability to scale vertical wallsand experience without a reflection. Dracula leaves him to die at the handsof three young-bearing(prenominal) vampires, but Jonathan attempts a desperate escape.Meanwhile, in England, Jonathans fiance Mina visits her high hat friend,Lucy Westenra. Lucy has recently been proposed to by three workforce ArthurHolmwood, Dr. Seward, and Quincey Morris. She chooses Arthur to be herhappy fianc. Mina and Lucy vacation together at Whitby, a quaintseaside townspeople renowned for its ghostly history. While they be there, aRussian vessel is shipwrecked. A large dog leaps from the wreck andruns away. All of its crew are missing apart from one dead captain.The ship was carrying fifty boxes of e... ...las chest. Now, later on enough time has passed she go forthbecome one of the undead unless they can disgrace Dracula first.They set to work, sterilizing (with holy wafer) all but one of theboxes in one day. Dracula, in th e last box, flees back to Transylvaniato rest and reorganise for some other attack. The band of friends tracks himdown, splitting up so that Van Helsing and Mina will go to purge thecastle while the four young men track the last box. Van Helsing andMina succeed, killing the three distaff vampires and using holy waferto render the castle uninhabitable for the undead. They then regroupwith the others, and all together they surround the gypsies who aretransporting Dracula in his coffin. During the press against thegypsies, Quincey receives a mortal wound. Jonathan and Quincey deliverthe killing blows to Dracula just as the sun is setting.