Adolescence and Juvenile Delinquency Essay -- Juvenile Delinquent Crim

I couldnt begin to cover all the possible reasons that may cause an adolescent to run a juvenile delinquent. During my research, I found that the term juvenile delinquency is defined a number of ways. Mosbys Medical Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary summed up juvenile delinquency best with this definition resistant antisocial, illegal, or criminal behavior by children or adolescents to the degree that it cannot be controlled or corrected by the parents, endangers others in the community, and becomes the concern of a law enforcement agency(1994). I found that most theories about what causes delinquency in children and adolescents originate with families and parenting. Many statistics and studies consecrate been conducted study the number of youths that had chosen a delinquent life style, with single parent households, or parents who were drug and alcohol dependant. It is my belief that three out of four parenting styles that we have studied in our text, when taken to extremes, can be just as damaging to an adolescent as a parent suffering from drug or alcohol addiction. Parents who exhibit an indifferent parenting style send the worst possible message to their children. When permissiveness is accompanied by high hostility, the child feels free to reserve rein to his most destructive impulses(Craig, 1996, p.316). And where exactly in the question of causation does nature Vs nurture fit in. What about the child who seemingly has balanced, consistent exacting parents, and still chooses a delinquent lifestyle. Im going to address some of these issues in the pages to follow, beginning with an external factor that may influence some of our younger children TV.The mend of television violence has been debated since TV first arrived in America. According to a study highlighted in US News and World Report, the more violent TV programs children watch, the more likely they are to commit violent crimes. The greatest impact is on pre-adolescent children who do not y et have the capacity to gauge what is real(a) and what is not (Zuckerman, Aug. 2,1993). The theory states, that combined with a lack of parenting by plugging children into the TV, these children later in life will be conditioned to violence, regarding it as exciting, charismatic, and effective. Opponents of this theory argue... ...est in their role as a parent, and combine this with a low level of affection. This indifferent parenting style offers absolutely no guidance to an adolescent, leaving plenty of manner for those environmental factors to take over. A clearly more effective parenting style models the authoritative style highlighted in our text. Children brought up under this framework have a much better chance of avoiding the pit falls of delinquency. There has also been legislation introduced to use public funds to empower religious institutions to act as safe havens for at risk children.Many deterrents have been tried to reduce the effects of juvenile delinquency. More youths are being tried as adults in certain cases, and curfews are being enforced now more than ever. Law enforcement agiencies aggressivly enforce truency laws, and most officers I talk to are very intollerent of the slightest sign of contempt when approaching suspect youths. Child and family counseling techniques have changed to fit more complex and extreme situations. The fact is that we live in an imperfect world, and final solutions to this business will probably not be found by men, but by God.

Comparing Company Website Design :: Internet

Microsoft I have been to this site fairly recently, and it has been updated since then. It is pretty colorful, and is flabby to navigate. All of the different Products and Downloads are listed on the sidebar of the page. This reflects the company well, because they are a computer company, so I would hope that their website would be the best that I went to. And it was. there was a lot on the website merely it was very organized. At the bottom there is a link to contact them, and even a link for Journalists. This page had a lot of product news and consumer news. This was a great site.World Health OrganizationThe WHO website could have been a brusque more organized, but it was fairly easy to navigate. The picture on the home page made you very sympathetic to the cause. It also made you want to learn more. there were links for 6 different languages, and that was easy to aim. There was also a search tool at the bottom just in case something was hard to find. It was hard to find a Contact Us link. I liked that the home page had news releases and other featured sites involving World health.IntelThe Intel site was very animated and three-D looking. While it wasnt as organized as Microsoft, it was still easy to navigate. It had resources for businesses and personal separate, and also news was readily available. The also had a Site mapping link at the bottom, which was very organized, just not as colorful. There was a lot of advertising on their home page, which was a great idea. There is a Contact Us and Press Room link at the very top of the page, which is great for consumers and journalists.AppleThe Apple/Mac website was a little cluttered, but still easy to look around. They have very colorful hip looking pages, that appeal to younger people. You had to log in for some stuff, but most things were accessible. It was hard to find a Contact Us, or Journalist link. They focused a lot on the store and selling accessories and iPods. (I can animadvert this is mo re during the Christmas season) This website is updated a lot, because I visit it frequently. It looks like a lot of effort is put into this site, and it is very aesthetically pleasing. DellDell went a standard further in separating information .

Personal Narrative - My Childhood Memories :: Papers

PAIN Lots of pain I thought I was dying I slammed into the ground my leg now at a very odd angle I screamed I heard footsteps running towards me emit for me to answer, but I couldnt find the energy to do so I closed my look and then I fainted When I was small about 6 or seven years of age. I remember playing in our local park, on the biggest upriseing mannikin I had ever seen. I would climb so high Id swear I could reach the sky. Id play for hours and hours eitherday of the summer holidays. But one afternoon was enough to change my view of my mount adventures of fun and fantasy forever. The excitement disappeared all because of one accident. The day began as usual with my florists chrysanthemum taking me to the park to play on the climbing frame and to feed the ducks. My mum and I walked to the duck pond to feed the ducks. I was having a great age. There were big ducks, small ducks, fat ducks and thin ducks every kind of ducks you can imagine some did look pretty funny I remember telling my mom in Vietnamese as that time she didnt know the English language very well. After feeding the ducks we headed for the climbing frame. I ran down to the climbing frame my mum in het pursuit. I pushed through the gate as fast as I could, running towards the climbing frame. I quickly began to climb to the top. I could hear my mum below badgering me to slow down. I ignored her Oh how I wish Id listened to her instead. It happened all of a sudden, I lost my grip and fell painfully brook down to earth I then recall waking up in an ambulance my head throbbing with pain. I felt my face with my shaking hand. My eyes were all wet, Id been crying. As I opened my eyes a women peered kindly at me Hello, she said, how are you feeling?

Free Hamlet Essays: Complex Hamlet :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Complex small town in that respect are many factors that lead Hamlet into putting himself in a difficult position. There are many incidents where its not Hamlets poor attitude that gets him in trouble, but his great ambition to uncover the truth. Once Hamlet discovers that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are spying on him, he never lets them out of his sight. Hamlet suspects that his mother, Gertrude, was an accomplice for the murder of his father. Polonius was slain by Hamlet who had mistaken him for Claudius. His pretense of indulgence drove Ophelia to her death. All of these incidents show that its Hamlets great ambition to uncover the truth that gets himself in difficult positions. Hamlet would not show lenity even when confronted by his best friends from his childhood. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern were sent by the King and Queen to spy on Hamlet to discover the reason for his disturbing behavior. Hamlet isnt fooled by their sudden arrival and gives them a chance to show thei r loyalty to him by admitting they were sent by the king. That you must teach me. But let me budge you by the.... be even and direct with me whether you were sent for or no. (II-ii.274-278) Hamlet is aware of Rosencrantz and Guildensterns alliance with the king. He sends them to England, replacing the letter that they carried with a forgery of the kings seal stating that the bearers of the letter should be killed. He felt no guilt or remorse for the sudden loss of his ii best friends. They are not near my conscience their defeat does by their own insinuation grow. (V-ii.58-59) Hamlets curiosity caused him to not only suspect his mother, but also kill poor Polonius. He believed Gertrude was an accomplice in the murder of his father.Hamlet has violent outbursts towards his mother. His anger increased as Gertrude misinterpreted the situation. She believed that she was in danger of organism assaulted and therefore cries out for help. Hamlet, who was full of rage, runs his dagger thro ugh the arras and kills Polonius, mistaking him for Claudius. O me, what hast tho done/Nay, I know not. Is it the king? (III-iv.27-28) Hamlets passion was furiously aroused, and his words to his mother grew increasingly bitter and sharp. His words acted like daggers that shattered Gertrudes peace of mind. Nay, but to live in the rank sweat of an enseamed bed, stewed in corruption, honeying and making love over the nasty sty.

Educating Rita Essay examples -- Education Educating Rita Willy Russel

Educating RitaThe play Educating Rita, only has two characters, Frank and Rita, Rita destinys to learn literacy, and Frank is her tutor.The play is set in the 1970s, when there was not a pass on ofunemployment, and there was plenty of money. Although Rita haseverything she needs, she is dis-satisfied with her life, she wantssomething more. Rita feels that there is no meaning to life, and shewants to find one.The characters Rita and Frank be two totally different people, Ritais uneducated and common, whereas Frank is educated and considerably spoken.I found the play has no specific genre, I found it came under realist,with the issues it covers like divorce, I found it came under comedy,because it made you laugh in places, and I thought it also came underdrama.Frank has a serious drinking habit we argon first introduced to this atthe beginning of the play, when Frank, pulls out a pile of books toreveal a bottle of whisky. This shows the listening that he his tryingto hide his habit because perhaps he feels it is wrong, or perhaps hedoesnt want to get caught drinking at work.Ritas first reaction to this habit was y wanna be careful with thatstuff, it kills y brain cells. This shows the audience that shemight be a person who jokes a lot, but if she says it in a seriousway, then it shows that she doesnt really like drinking, or that sheis concerned for Frank, in case he throws his life away.In the slumber of the play Frank is nearly always drunk, he is alwayspouring himself a drink. In act 2 scene 5 Rita has read Franks poems,are you sober? Are you? This question suggests that Frank was drunka lot and Rita wanted to speak to him when he wasnt.We discover the type of relat... ...Ritas. So there may be a lotof confusion between them in the future.When Rita and Frank have finished confusing each other over Ritasname, Rita notices an erotic movie on the wall, its very eroticisnt it? This shows Rita sees it in a different view than Frankbecause he doesnt/didnt se e it as erotic. This might symbolise thefact that they are from different lifestyles, or that they may notalways see things in the same perspective.Overall I think the first three pages introduce the audience quitewell to the main themes, it introduces Frank as an obvious alcoholicand Rita as an uneducated woman. It shows they both have differentviews and may find it elusive to see each others at times.After reading the play, I found it was a good laugh, it made meunderstand a bit more almost the two different cultures and inspired meto learn.

Educating Rita Essay examples -- Education Educating Rita Willy Russel

Educating RitaThe play Educating Rita, only has two characters, Frank and Rita, Ritawants to learn literacy, and Frank is her tutor.The play is set in the 1970s, when there was not a lot ofunemployment, and there was plenty of money. Although Rita haseverything she needs, she is dis-satisfied with her life, she wantssomething more. Rita feels that there is no meaning to life, and shewants to find one.The characters Rita and Frank are two totally divers(prenominal) people, Ritais uneducated and common, whereas Frank is educated and well spoken.I implant the play has no specific genre, I found it came under realist,with the issues it covers like divorce, I found it came under comedy,because it made you laugh in places, and I thought it also came underdrama.Frank has a serious drinking habit we are premier(prenominal) introduced to this atthe beginning of the play, when Frank, pulls out a pile of books toreveal a bottle of whisky. This shows the audience that he his tryingto hide his habit because perhaps he feels it is wrong, or perhaps hedoesnt want to get caught drinking at work.Ritas first reaction to this habit was y wanna be careful with thatstuff, it kills y brain cells. This shows the audience that she qualification be a person who jokes a lot, but if she says it in a seriousway, then it shows that she doesnt really like drinking, or that sheis concerned for Frank, in human face he throws his life away.In the rest of the play Frank is nearly always drunk, he is alwayspouring himself a drink. In act 2 scene 5 Rita has read Franks poems,are you sober? Are you? This question suggests that Frank was drunka lot and Rita wanted to speak to him when he wasnt.We violate the type of relat... ...Ritas. So there may be a lotof confusion between them in the future.When Rita and Frank check finished confusing apiece other over Ritasname, Rita notices an erotic painting on the wall, its very eroticisnt it? This shows Rita sees it in a different view than Frankbe cause he doesnt/didnt see it as erotic. This might symbolise thefact that they are from different lifestyles, or that they may notalways see things in the same perspective.Overall I judge the first three pages introduce the audience quitewell to the main themes, it introduces Frank as an obvious alcoholicand Rita as an uneducated woman. It shows they both have differentviews and may find it difficult to see each others at times.After reading the play, I found it was a good laugh, it made me sympathize a bit more about the two different cultures and inspired meto learn.

Brotherhood in “Sonny’s Blues” Essay

Since I was a small(a) child, around two long succession old, I have had the privilege and sometimes the complete terror of being an older chum. This has been a rewarding experience for me, and has given me many learning opportunities and commandment opportunities in my fairly short lifetime. Because of my experience as an older br separate I was more(prenominal) fully able to understand and appreciate the struggles and triumphs that the two brothers in sonnys Blues endured. While I have never personally had to deal with the extreme experiences and responsibilities that the fabricator dealt with, I can still impact simply as an older brother myself. Throughout the short story I found myself headspringing how I would deal with cuss if he were my brother.I eventually came to the conclusion that if I had dealt with Sonny, I would have probably handled him in nearly the same way as the narrator did. While I questi unityd his view at times, I feel that the older brother played his role well or at least to the best of his ability. Regardless of how the narrator dealt with his brother the final outcome is the most important aspect of the story, and it shows that brotherhood is capable of overcoming hardship and misunderstanding because it is so important in regard to human extract and success. The fact that brotherhood prevails over all things is an important story, and one that rings so truly true.The first struggle that the reader is introduced to in Sonnys Blues is the distinct age difference between Sonny and his older brother. The seven years difference in our ages lay between us ilk a chasm. I wondered if these years would ever operate between us as a bridge. (Baldwin, 44 here later referred to as page number only) The alleged(prenominal) chasm is the hurdle that must be cleared in the story, and that clearing of the hurdle is the key to forming a solid, emotional relationship between the brothers.The bridge is finally form when the narrator atte nds Sonnys performance at the jazz club. The fact that we get to see the interaction between the two brothers is important, but even more important is that the reader sees the narrators realization of his brothers talent in the first person. This allows us to feel how deeply it touches the narrator, and gives us a perspective of his overflowing of emotion.For, while the tale of how we suffer, and how we are delighted, and how wemay triumph is never new, it always must be heard. There isnt any other tale to tell, its the only light weve got in all this darkness. (61)This particular passage was very striking to me, because it showed that the narrator finally realized that Sonny had a story too. He realizes that Sonny has suffered, but he has also triumphed many times, and in many ways. The narrator had a blanketing view of Sonny, in which Sonny could never be successful at anything. While Sonny is playing he tells his brother that they are more alike than they know, and that they both have the same story, fair with different details. The brothers have finally found a bond, a common thread, and that is one of the most important things that brothers can have.James Baldwin was a writer of his past. He used his personal experiences to more in force(p)ly write his detailed and emotional stories and essays. One important aspect to his writing in general, but more specifically in his early stories is poverty stricken Harlem, New York. Baldwin uses personal experiences and opinions to make his characters a part of the Harlem he lived through. The idea that Harlem is in a vicious wheel of destroying generation after generation, and the constant desire of youth to find a way out are two very important themes in Sonnys Blues. Harlem is a interpose that repeats itself over and over, like a scratched record. just no one is willing to help the other out. For each generation the tragedy of Harlem is new, for the older people are reluctant to inform the young ones of the c ondition of the black race (Goldman, 1).The narrator repeatedly observes that nothing has changed across generations, not the buildings or the lives of those who grow up in them (McBride, 201). The narrator also compares Sonnys heroin addiction to prison and then compares them both to Harlem, truly showing the dread(a) situation that he and his brother find themselves in. The restriction and oppression of Harlem is an important element in explaining the stranglehold that is on their lives from the time they are young. It is a theme that I wish Baldwin would have explored more because the environment a child is placed in is very important to the kind of person they become in life.In some ways I was disappointed with the way in which the narrator dealt with Sonny and his heroin addiction. I found it questionable that he waited until after his daughters death to write to Sonny. But at the same time, this provides a great example of his inherent need for his brother in his time of hurt. The narrator was in need of Sonny to help him through his tough time, and maybe at the same time realized his own failures to Sonny when he was struggling himself. The most important thing that comes from the letter to Sonny was that contact was finally made, which is the first and most important step to rekindling the brotherhood.While unison becomes the intrinsic part of bringing the brothers back together, it had a shaky start as a part of their relationship. Sonny had started playing the piano while living at his brothers in-laws. He became quite talented but heroin addiction got in his way, and eventually tripped him up. One important conversation the brothers had was after their arrives funeral, Sonnys brother notes I simply couldnt see why on earth hed want to pass his tine hanging around nightclubs, clowning around on bandstands, while people pushed each other around a dance floor. (50) Readers understand how indifferent and stupid the narrator is in regard to Sonnys medical specialty.Sonnys brother dissents with Sonnys idea of making a living as a musician and insists he should finish school first. Finally, Sonnys frustration explodes, He slammed the window so hard I thought the methamphetamine would fly out, and turned back to me. And Im sick of the stink of these garbage cans (52) The narrator describes the feelings and emotions of this exchange vividly so the reader understands the strong emotions and divergency that exists. We see the difference in attitudes about life and music, which deepens the chasm between them. This difference leads to the long span of silence and misunderstanding.The silence is finally broken after the narrators daughter dies of polio. Sonnys brother writes him in prison, breaking himself out of his emotional defense towards his brother. My trouble made his real (55), states the narrator speech of his letter and the new contact. The first step is taken, and from in that respect the relationship starts building ne w foundations. Finally, after Sonny leaves prison, he comes to visit his brother in Harlem.When Sonny comes home the narrator momentarily feels that icy dread again as he discovereres his brother for signs of drug addiction, hating himself for being so suspicious but otiose to prevent it (Bernardo, 1). This begins the road back to a true brotherhood for Sonny and the narrator, despite the questions that Sonny may be asked by his brother and the questionable rising he may have.While Sonny is visiting his brother in Harlem, the two brothers take a walk and happen upon a street revival meeting where a group of musicians are playing. The brothers stop to listen, and the reader is given the suggestion that the brothers seem to come to a realization while listening. While watching, the narrator states that the music seemed to soothe a poison out of them which suggests his understanding of Sonnys need for music. This scene then leads to Sonnys invitation for his brother to come watch h im play at the jazz club (Goldman, 232). Later that evening when Sonny and his brother arrive at the club the narrator is stricken by the repute that Sonny seems to hold at the club. Sonnys brother notesIt turned out that everyone at the bar knew Sonny, or almost everyone there were some musicians, head for the hills there, or nearby, or not working, some where simply hangers-on, and some were there to see Sonny play. I was introduced to all of them, and they were all very polite to me. Yet it was clear that, for them, I was only Sonnys brother. Here, I was in Sonnys humans. Or rather, his kingdom. Here it was not even a question that his veins bore royal blood. (59)This statement alone is telling of the humbling experience Sonnys brother is about to endure. He has finally realized that there is more to Sonny than heroin, piano, and failure. He is a successful person and he has a distinct and impressive talent for playing the jazz piano.Finally the music begins, and as Sonny is sitting at his piano, slightly illuminated by an indirect light, the adventure starts for both Sonny and his brother. The first set is not one in which Sonny triumphs, but in the second, begun with Am I Blue, he takes the lead and begins to form amusical creation. He becomes, in the narrators words, part of the family again (61). The family that he joins is questionable, but I believe it is truly both families. He joins the family of jazz players, from whom he has been gone for so long, but he also rejoins his namesake family and reinstates his place with his brother. The set continues, with Sonny expressing himself with wildly flowing statements on his piano.He is dripping with sweat, dripping with the loss of his pent up emotion and his relief of finally acquiring to play for his brother. The jazz begins to take on deeper meaning for the brothers, and the life they have led becomes one life, theirs as brothers. They no longer lived as individuals with separate lives and understand ings. They finally reached an understanding of each other that only brothers could have between themselves. The music is simply a vehicle for arriving there.The description Baldwin gives of the musical exchange is a work of beauty in itself. It is a statement of the power of the artist as a poet, the power of the musician. The ability to create out of oneself, to take the chaos of the world especially the world Sonny lives in into the self and represent it as the universal narrative (McBride, 200). The passage would not be nearly as effective if there had only been a simple overview of the scene. He brings music and emotion and brotherhood all together in one tight little package, making for one of the most moving scenes in American literature.The final scene in Sonnys Blues is striking and is dripping with real life emotion. The idea that one set of blues can bring together two brothers who have not talked in years is amazing, but so very true. The brothers have nothing in common between them apart from the same parents but they are forced through familial obligation to push apart those differences and show compassion and understanding for each other. These are the enduring qualities of brotherhood and they show that no matter how hard a person may undertake they still are in need of family.This desire within the two brothers brings them together and allows them to truly understand what being a brother is really all about. The differences in the brothers eventually lead to their similarities and that is an amazing thing. Brotherhood transcends time, age, intelligence, failure, success, and grief. It is more than achoice and it is more than an obligation. Brotherhood is carnal and never-ending, and Sonnys Blues captures the warmheartedness of brotherhood beautifully.

Proton Holdings Berhad Company Vision & Mission Critique Essay

The Critiques on Vision & Mission of Perusahaan Automobil Nasional (PROTON) Vision can be define as an exhilarate statement that consists of goal and verifiable that an organization would like to achieve or accomplish in the mid-term or long term prospective. It is intended to dishs as a clear guide for choosing current and future course of action. It also becomes the drawr statement that will need the organization to achieve its objective and goals. Mission is a statement or a written declaration that consist of organization core purposes. Norm tot in every(prenominal)yy a mission statement remains unchanged oer time. Mission statement serve as filters to separate what is essential from what is not, a statement that clearly state which markets will be served and how for contrast organization and a statement that communicate a sense of future direction to the whole organization. Vision and Mission statement for an organization must be clear and comprehensible by all staffin the organization.Mission statement is slightly incompatible from Vision statement, although both statements carry same objective which lead and drive the company by act as a railway path in order for a company keep track on all course of action to achieve the organization objective and target. A mission is slightlything to be accomplished whereas a vision is something to be pursued for that accomplishment. As mentioned earlier, it is important for a company to have its own Vision and Mission statement and it is import for both statements are logically achievable and understandable. A vision helps to lead the company to its main objective. A mission defines the organization purposes. Vision of PROTON is to be A Leading Globally Mobility Solutions Provider. Mission statement of PROTON is to uninterruptedly construct innovative processes, products & redevelopments that win peoples hearts & minds.In my opinion, I do agree with the both Vision and Mission statements overdue to som e reason and factors that will be briefly explain and critique on the next paragraph. The reason I agree with the Vision statement because of several factors that physically may be observe and analyze on the result that related to the statement. The word of A Leading describes the position of PROTON in the automotive industries in Malaysia. For noncurrent a few years back, PROTON did achieve on that level as a No 1 ranking car manufacturer and volume of sales in Malaysia Automotive industries. The ranking drop and become No 2 since year of Myvi launched by Perodua. The only reason PROTON drop in ranking due to several factors that makes the Brand name losing its customers confidence. Since PROTON share being bought by DRB-Hicom, this Vision statement has been cut and to lead the company to get back on the No 1 ranking not only in Malaysia Automotive Industries precisely ranking No 1 orbicularly in term of mobility solution supplier which will further explain on next paragraph. The word Global being used and presence since PROTON start to export car to United res publica and acquired LOTUS. For the financial year of 14/15, PROTON had exported almost 600 Units of various model of car (Proton Models) to almost 45% big automotive market around the globe. The emergence of query & Development (RND) Division in Proton is also one of the main factors that the Vision statement has been setup as the Global Mobility Solutions Provider. With the ability to answer research and organic evolution on car engine, safety features and former(a) related technology for developing a new car that meet the demand and currentrequirement of global environmental act, PROTON set a target to be the leading Global Mobility solution provider which resulted to ensure PROTON excel in future. In order to perform this, a knowledge transfer and adoption of new technology being done by PROTON and it resulted from joint venture projects, exchange technology and others with various other a utomotive manufacturers around the world.The word of Mobility in the vision statement is referring to 6 main pillars of PROTON Business Structure. There are motor vehicles, technology provider, engineering services, manufacturing services, benevolent great(p) development and supporting business. Motor vehicles manufacture refers to the development of passenger vehicles (Exora), Performance-niche (Preve, Suprima & Iriz), alternative propulsion (Saga EV, Exora EV, Preve EEV & Iriz EV-Prototype and has high intension to be develop and produce in future), commercial vehicles (All Model) and others (Prototype Engine). All this activity has shown a various results and this justify a positive feedback on the vision statement setup by PROTON. It also inline with the objective to be a leading global mobility solution provider where all the 6 pillars had to be works together, by having a good human capital development through a professional training and supporting business through increase number of sales volume and high throughput of service of process revenue. in like manner that, PROTON has various strategy implemented to ensure all this 6 pillar working together, by having a contract assembly, component manufacturing (Proton Parts Centre), Sales & Service, Financing, amends and other for PROTON to build and develop a good platform to achieve the level in leading global mobility solution provider. Besides that PROTON has the capacity to serve the concept of mobility solution provider because, under PROTON there is more than 1 brand that joint with PROTON such as LOTUS, MIYAZU, POTENZA and others. PROTON also has experienced adoption of different management, business operation for sales and service brand such as Mitsubishi and Honda. With all this, it shows that the Vision is achievable and logically states the ability of PROTON to be at that particular proposition level in future. On the mission statement, it is verified that PROTON mission give and defines the o rganization as a whole.The word Continuously Create refers to the PROTON activity that continuous and constantly put an effort to deliver better solutions to target recipients which is the customers. A rapid development of new product technology and to rapidly close all issuesrelated to products failure become one of the major priority by PROTON. It is true that there is quite a lot of complaint on products but most of case solve within the time period set by the company. PROTON continuously develops an efficient and effective process in line with the needfully and preference of the customer. For example, the appointment booking for service job done through phone call, reminder of service done by Customer Retention Executive, talking to of cars at the customer doors, and others. The words of Innovative give the definition of new or improved solutions that is beneficial to users or customer and environment. Customer always becomes the foremost priority to PROTON. In inventing a ne w technology and process, environmental issues and local act remain to be one of the factors to be looks into before any changes made.As at 2015, there is a zero cases Proton involvement in Environmental Issues in Malaysia. All environmental rules and regulation fully complied by PROTON. All PROTON Service equipment being certified with Jabatan Kesihatan dan Keselamatan Pekerja (JKKP) and follow the standard set by the government and local authority. Process, Products and Services refer to the Outcomes from the efforts and initiatives by PROTON. This can be seen by PROTON had impose rapidly training for all staff on the process operation, products knowledge and Service quality in order to ensure a good service provide to the customer. This also to ensure all service provided in line with the statement of Win Peoples Hearts & Minds which desirable benefits by all stakeholders, especially to the customers and business partners.The main focus is to produce a quality services to all cus tomers and to retain customer confidence on the service provided. This shows the lading of PROTON to serve customer, stakeholders, employees and business partners by offering preferred and desired products and excellent services, delivering sustainable profit together with financial growth and sharing successes within the business process. As a conclusion, the Vision and Mission statement done by PROTON is clearly defines its objective and its target. Its reflecting the management aspirations for PROTON perform in high execution with support of its capabilities and creates the competitive conditions. The mission statement clearly identifies PROTON products service, specifies the customer needs and strategy to fulfil its and shows PROTON identities. Furthermore, the Vision statement shows clearly the company future strategic core and directionwhere PROTON should be in the future.

Impact of Turks and Mongols on the Islamic world Essay

The Turks and Mongols are two races that are an integral part in shaping the Moslem World as we know it today. Their roles in Islamic History are still visible when looking at the Islamic origination in the present. The roots of Islam could be traced after the death of The Prophet, Muhammad. The early Islam military man was dominated by the Umayyad from Damascus. The Umayyad was in turn succeeded by the Abbasids, which made Baghdad their capital. It was during the two caliphates that a majority of Moslem culture, government and society was established. The years of the Caliphates was cognise as the Golden Age of Islam. (Wilkinson and Salazar).The Abbasid Caliphate was remaindered by the Invasion of the Mongols. The Mongols were a nomadic tribe coming from the grasslands of Mongolia, their ruler then, The Great Khan Mongke, ordered his brother to attack the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. (Chaliand and Berrett) Baghdad, the capital of the Islamic world then was captured by Hu lagu in 1258. (Bingham) This in effect destroyed most Islamic influence and put an end to the advances of the Golden Age. It became a region known as the Il-Khanate. The early years of the Il Khanate was characterized by persecution of the Muslims in the hands of the Buddhists and Christians in the area.However, when Ghazan, a Buddhist, became Khan, he converted to Islam and the whole region followed suit. Islam made a return as the dominant religion, driving out the Christians and Buddhists. (Halm) Schools and mosques were reestablished and peace again was at hand. (Wilkinson and Salazar) The Mongol Invasion tellingly put an end to the Golden age. The various advancements in science, literature, medicine and the arts were in majority obliterated when the invasion occurred. The destruction of libraries, the killing of Muslim scholars and scientists totally contributed to the rapid decline of Islamic learning.This was the major factor in the crippling of Muslim advancement in those fields by which at that time they were much more ahead than the West. Almost five hundred years worth of knowledge was obliterated upon the invasion of the Mongols. (Halm) The might and barbarity of the Mongol Hordes checked the advances of a larger empire, albeit one whose priority was not military, but religion and learning. The Ottomans were a group of Turkish tribes which united after being driven south by Mongol invaders. (Stefoff) They derive their name from Osman, who united the clans into a major force. They came into contact and embraced Islam as their faith.They were the frontier soldiers of the Islamic world, guarding against the Mongol Hordes. The invasion of Tamerlane weakened the Ottomans, but they cured and began to take control of most of the Islam World. (Marozzi) It was under the Ottomans that the Muslims finally entered Constantinople, Turkey, effectively re breaching the barrier between east and west which was ended with the fall of Spain. (Halm) The ottomans were very effective in uniting the diverse people under their thrall. They developed an administrative clay whereas religious autonomy was recognized under the sultanates, which greatly facilitated tax collecting.This millet system made the unification of ethically diverse people under a government of Islam not only feasible, but effective. (Stefoff) The Ottoman Empire became a citadel of the Islamic world against the west. At the same time, it was instrumental in allowing western advances in science and technology to reach the Muslim world. The military and economic military capability of the empire prevented western influence from entering thru turkey and thus effectively ensured the maintaining of Islamic track of life in Southwest Asia. (Gardner et al. Kennedy)It was the ottoman Turks who nearly regained the lose glory of the Muslim Empire. Their management practice of dividing the Islamic world into sultanates, with each sultan acting as autonomous ruler greatly enhanced t he perceptual constancy of the empire. Their military strength secured Islam way of life up until the 1900s. The peak of the Ottoman Empire, under Suleiman, greatly enhanced Islamic way of life, introducing resurgence in Muslim culture and learning. (Meri and Bacharach) The strategic location of the Ottoman Empire gave them control of the land routes between Europe and Asia, thus making them economic powers.The two groups, the Mongols and the Turks, show how an extraneous force can impact a civilization. In the case on the Mongol Hordes, their impact upon the Islam world effectively retarded its growth, letting the West start up to its advancement. The invasion brought an end to the Golden Age of Islam however, it was also Mongols, those that converted, which started the revitalization of the Islamic World. (Gardner et al. Kennedy).The Turks also started as a separate ethnic group. However, with their conversion, the Islamic world gained leaders which spearheaded its strengtheni ng, expansion and development.The role of these two groups in Islamic history is both significant, the Mongols in ending the Golden age, and the Turks, in revitalizing the Islamic way of life. References Bingham, Marjorie. An Age of Empires, 1200-1750. (2005) 157 p. Chaliand, Gerard, and A. M. Berrett. Nomadic Empires From Mongolia to the Danube. (2004) xii, 135 p.Gardner, Robert, et al. Cities of Light the Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain. videorecording . Unity Productions Foundation,, Potomac Falls, VA? , 2007. Halm, Heinz. The Arabs A Short History. (2007) vi, 186 p. Kennedy, Hugh. The Great Arab Conquests How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. (2007) viii, 421 p. , 16 p. of plates. Marozzi, Justin. Tamerlane trade name of Islam, Conqueror of the World. (2006) xxiv, 449 p. , 16 p. of plates. Meri, Josef W. , and Jere L. Bacharach. Medieval Islamic Civilization An Encyclopedia. (2006). Stefoff, Rebecca. The Medieval World. (2005) 48 p. Wilkinson, Philip, and Batul Salazar. Islam. Dorling Kindersley eyewitness books. (2005) 72 p.

1. Is It Fine to Privatize Profits and Nationalize Losses, Is It Right for Organisational Development?

1. Is it fine to privatize profits and nationalize losses, is it right for organisational tuition? As the United States Of America had to suffer sub-prime crisis during 2007-2008. Many home-owners defaulted in their payments causing Freddie and Fannie to suffer multi-billion dollar losses. The share prices tumbled by more than 90% and the investors around the macrocosm felt that these two firms might not be able to live upto the guarantees which they have to provide to the public.It is somehow justified to Privatize profits and nationalize losses as the major companies(Freddie and Fannie) which required bailouts were US federal government entities and their guarantee was backed up by the federal government and in case of crisis the US government backed it with a gurarantee. Therefore the mortgage was a very safe option for the public. It is somehow argued that to privatize profits and nationalize losses is not good for the Organisational Development of the companies as this might set up a bad example for the future.It encourages weak leadership and poor management. The organisations should access the risk associated with their carrying out and should adopt a proactive approach to counter such problems. The assured government bailout would affect the organisational working which would otherwise have been different. 2. Was this a result of harm of leadership of these firms ? The downfall of such huge companies is not just a failure of the financial system, but also a huge leadership failure. undue interest in personal financial goals as against the larger interest of the organization is one of the root excite of this meltdown. These days some managers are not that efficient and rely on reward and incentives. They believe that if they hire smart people, give huge incentives for personal results, the management of the firm would take care of itself. chthonian such circumstances, taking risks to achieve personal goals even if that puts others or organization in danger seems acceptable.These particular leadership failures have been a major cause of this full-scale meltdown of US financial So, proper approach and tackling problems in advance can avoid such kind of downfall of the companies. For eg. The subprime crises has never been theory off in indian foodstuff and the indian companies are not providing sub prime loans and have been only dealing with prime mortgage market so as to avoid future debacles which would prove fatal for the economy. The sub prime market of India is considerably small than the Prime mortgage market.

Women Who Commit Crimes

French Novelist Albert Camus wrote, We only carry within us our places of exile, our crimes, and our ravages. But our labor is not to unleash them on the world it is to fight them in ourselves. Crimes ar crimes and should not be polariated on the basis of gender motivations since they are different for each. It was God who made the woman by nature mild, sober, soft, lovely and to be loved with little exception. Even though wo men are believed to be less godforsaken than men, there are still a percentage of violent acts committed by women.This is in part to the overwhelming beliefs by society that crimes are the theater of operations of men and women are viewed to be more nurturing in that regard. Our lives are already different at birth, as our genders determines who we are and how we are provide be viewed by society. In every society our gender constructs these differences. Men aim always been associated with power and wealth and women hardly a role at all. Other causes that seduce been affected are race, class, and sometimes- sensible ability.So people believe there is an unequal distri exception of wealth, power and standing in the world. Men have always been regarded as the persons most likely to commit a violent crime. Over the past few decades we have seen this thinking change and more women have found themselves in the rising numbers of these cases. Dr. Andrew Chishom, Professor Criminal Justice at the University of South Carolina wrote that in 1970 there was 6,000 women incarcerated and in the 90s that number increased to 75,000. What are the causes of the increases in crimes being committed by women?Dr Chishom also reports that crimes historically were predominately committed by men and that women involved themselves in many kinds of crimes with them, Women became more daring. In the movie Thelma & Louise, we saw varying incidents where women were treated in manners that were considered demeaning. Not to say that this would be a reason to comm it a crime, but it does hold the way for some women to question who they are and why they find themselves taking such abuse. Thelma and Louse reminded me that not only are women looked at differently than men, but also even when a crime is committed, they are still not considered smart.Thelma, a sensitive, naive and somewhat goofy woman, lives in a loveless pairing to a man that is overpowering and loves practicing control over her. Louise, a strong and independent woman who knows that she wants more out of behavior than what she has been dealt. Going away for a weekend would have been an opportunity for the both of them to find out what they really wanted to do with their lives, Crimes are not always planned, but can induce people appear that they were built this way from the start. Louise found herself in a situation that was irreversible.Having experienced the same act of violence that was being perpetrated on Thelma in the parking lot of the bar brought back such horrible me mories and at that point Louise was not going to relive it and let it go again. Thelma and Louise, found themselves in such a horrible and unthinkable situation they could only resort to a life of continued crime, since they were now considered suspects in a the shooting and terminal of Harlan. Crimes such as rape, murder, robbery, and brutality are not easily seen as acts that Women would find themselves involved in. However, there are many circumstances that have pose many women in those situations.Women were widely considered not to be capable of the ferocity or deep-seated evil as men. After all, in eighteenth deoxycytidine monophosphate patriarchal society, they were widely seen as demure, submissive creatures. True, some had fallen on the wrong side of the tracks and had become petty thieves or whores, but a ordinary contemporary conception seemed to exist that women were pretty much incapable of malice. Some women commit crimes because of pressures that otherwise would be not an issue if they didnt find themselves in a situation that seemed impossible to take aim out of, so their actions become devious. twain men and women sometime defer from normal societal cares when confronting conflict. In Thelma and Louise case, men created the spontaneous devious acts that changed their view of the law as well as men in positions of authority. Certainly, you can argue that men are viewed to be stronger and their physical strengths totally outweigh that of women. It has been thought constantly that men were and are prone to violence, and women would only commit a crime as a result repayable to some kind of force, or because the authority over them was too severe.As Beth Richie discussed in her women and crime book, Compelled to Crime The Gender Entrapment, many of those women were in previous shameful relationships. When a woman is abused she can only take it for so long before she breaks. So many women are oppressed that when they do get a chance to fight b ack, they fight with all of their might. In the film Thelma and Louise, they fought against a rapist, because Louise had been raped in Texas, and the man got away. Louise did not want to let some other rapist walk the street.She was defending herself, Thelma, and in a sense making an example out of that man by showing society that men will not always be able to walk away from their victim. Some women do fight back, and they will fight to the death if necessary. Thelma had been oppressed her entire life by her husband, who would not let her do anything. In fact Thelma stated once they left town, that she was going to let her hair down once and for all That shows how oppressed she really was. Men are viewed very differently than women are when a similar crime has been committed.This is because over the decades men have proven themselves honourable of this title. Men have been more aggressive in all areas of crime and thus are given sentences that are harsher than women. This does no t exclude women from their crimes, however because in many cases women have acted in defense of themselves giving them more reason for justification when they take a life. However, society will probably always have a little more mercy on women when they commit a crime, sighting many opticals that could have caused them to act in such a manner.Both genders are left with frightening realities that face them, and that is that a life has been taken and punishment will be inevitable. Scott, Ridley. Thelma & Louise. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 1991 Nicole Walker Why Women Are Committing Crimes. Jet recover Articles. com. 15 Mar 2010. Http//findarticles. com Beth E. Richie. Why Do Women Commit Crimes PhD. University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of African American Studies http//www. ojp. usdoj. gov/bjs/homicide/gender. htm. Greenfeld, Lawrence A. and Tracy L. Snell, Women Offenders, December 1999, pp. 1, 2, 4

Arguments on Rules and Justice

In my opinion, Socrates analysis of human nature is very true as it ultimately brings us his definition of justice. I agree with his theory of human nature but not his social-political theory. In put together to netherstand Platos theory of human nature and his social-political theory, we must study each champion of them closely. Plato believed that no one is self-sufficient enough to live individual(a)ly. Human beings be not created equally some of us are born(p) wiser then the rest and some of us are just born stronger.For this reason, only the select few (which would be the defenders) among us are supposed to instantly what is beaver for the community and therefore ricks the ruler of everyone else. Our reasoning, spirit, and natural wants are all part of human nature. In book 1 of The Republic, Plato had several detailed discussions on the nature of justice with separate speakers in a dialogue form. The process of discussion involves Socrates questioning, arguing again st various inadequate theories that attempts to define the true meaning of justice. From the well-situated old man Cephalus, we learned that justice involves telling the truth and repaying ones debts.However, Socrates points out that this definition of justice is inadequate because it cannot account for the instances of certain circumstances. The wide-eyed example of returning a borrowed tool to an insane friend who demands the return of his weapon, would be an instance of following the rule but would not seem to be just. Then Polemarchus, Cephaluss son attempts to define justice by proposing that justice means one should pay what is owed. Not returning or refusing to return the borrowed weapon would clearly benefit ones friend.Socrates said that harming our nemies is only likely to dupe them even more unjust than they already are and cause them to make more unjust choices. After that, Thrasymachus came up with his own definition of justice which is nothing more than the advant age of the stronger those in positions of power use law to fall what is right. The kind of justice practiced any(prenominal)where depends on the type of government they have in power. Socrates does not disagree with this view if the facts about the society are as Thrasymachus says they are, however, he argues that sometimes rulers make mistakes.In that case obedience to the law maybe leads to its own disadvantage, therefore Thrasymachuss definition is also inadequate. Furthermore, Socrates says that the best ruler must always know how to rule. They should rule for the art of ruling, but not their own interest alone. Later, Glaucon suggests that human beings, given an opportunity to do darkness without being caught and therefore without suffering any punishment or loss of good reputation, would naturally choose a carriage of injustice, in order to increase their own interests.Glaucons efinition of justice is that its an equal contract, an approach between what is the best (doing injustice without paying the penalty) and the worse (suffering injustice without being able to avenge one self). Adieamantus narrows the discussion further by pointing out that to have a good reputation of justice is more important than justice is itself, whether or not that soulfulness really does have a good reputation of justice. In an attempt to provide an adequate, satisfying definition of justice, Socrates tries to make an analogy between the justice of individual human beings and of an entire society or urban center.Since the crucial elements of justice may be easier to observe on the larger scale like a city than on a smaller scale like an individual. Socrates focuses on the perfect city, because the city entrust represent the human soul. Socrates began with a detailed analysis of the formation, structure, and disposal of this ideal city. He argues that since individual human beings are not self-sufficient no one working alone can acquire all of the necessities of life by themselves. In order to resolve this difficulty, we gather together into society for the mutual achievement of our common goals.If each of us specializes in the practice of a specific art, we can work more efficiently. To make this ideal city healthy (opposite of a feverish city), Socrates resigns that the fundamental needs of human beings in the society are food, shelter, and clothes. From these fundamental needs, some additional requirements emerge that become necessary only because these needs are a part of the defense of the city against foreign attacks or internal disputes. Socrates proposed an additional class of citizens, the guardians which are responsible for guarding the city and keeping the city in order.In order to fulfill their proper functions, the guardian then must have a philosophy that gives them the ability to distinguish the true and false, friend and foes, and to avoid turning against their own kind due to away influences. I think Socrates social-political theory does follow his theory of human nature, he believed that an ideal state, embodying the highest and best capabilities of human social life, could really be achieved, if the right multitude are put in charge.Since the key to the success of the whole is the wisdom of the rulers who make decisions for the entire city, Plato held hat the perfect society would occur only when kings become philosophers or philosophers are made kings. Guardians would need the virtue of courage to carry out their orders in the face of danger without regard for personal risk. The rest of the masses in the city must follow its leaders instead of pursuing their private interests. Plato held that guardians should own no private property, should live and eat together at government expense, and should earn no salary greater than necessary to supply their most basic needs.Under this regime, no one will have any corrupt motive for seeking a osition of leadership, and those who are chosen to be guardians wi ll govern solely from a concern to seek the welfare of the state and what is best for all of its citizens. Education in the city is needed to promote the achievement of a proper balance of society. Physical training and musical cognitive process along with basic intellectual development and the ability to get rid of human natural desire would be needed to fill this position as a guardian.On Platos view, it is vital for a society to exercise strict control over the content of everything that children read, see, or hear. By excluding all the poets and actors, there will be only one stimulation allowed in the city which is education. The highest goal in all of education, he believed, is knowledge of the Good that is, not merely an sensory faculty of particular benefits and pleasures, but acquaintance with the actual form of good itself. Glaucon and Adeimantus pose some of the arguments against the kind of life style Socrates promotes. They question Guardians happiness when they are unaffectionate from the general public.Socrates said that the happiness of the guardian must be put aside for the sake of the city. However, he points out, the guardian class should be the happiest group under such a system. Socrates definition of justice is when each of these classes performs its own role appropriately and does not try to take over the function of any other class, Plato believed that the entire city as a whole will operate smoothly, exhibiting the harmony that is justice. Then, a human being is only properly said to be just when the three souls perform their proper functions in harmony with each other, working in agreement for the good of the person as a whole.In onclusion, it was found that the education of the guardians was necessary to keep the city running and with their education you must devote their lives to persue the common goals and good of the city. Once the individual and the other individuals in the society or city were working in complete harmony only then would the circle be complete and everything would run smoothly. However, in order to achieve this the guardian had to be trained right and raised accordingly. The people must cooperate. Everyone would reap the benefits from a perfect society.

O Captain! My Captain! Essay

all(prenominal) decision concerning the ship and the crew is made by the captain he has big(p) responsibility for his people. By carrying the title captain, he agrees to attend to all duties as leader of the ship. Part of the captains job is to give orders and to want that they forget be followed accordingly his main concern is the safety of his crew. Sometimes, the crew doesnt seem to agree with the rules and limitations that were made by the captain, and that makes it difficult to obey them. These rules give the bounce create fear and distance between the captain and his people.But, eventually, the crew go away realize that the captain had made those rules for their own good. Once they will come to this realization, they will start to respect and to trust their captain completely. They will feel safe when he is around them they will start looking at him as their anchor. A generate is much like a captain, yet, different. A father, like the captain, takes his kids on a journey , the journey of life. He is responsible for their safety and well being with out the journey. In order for this journey to be a successful one, the father has to give rules and to create limitations for his kids.Growing up, the kids understand that each rule and every limitation that was made by their father was for their own good. They start to respect and trust their father they seek advice from him and they view him as their source of comfort. A father differs from a captain. How so? A father chouses his kids. Every decision or rule that he makes is enveloped with warmth and love. The distance that is created between the captain and his crew ascribable to the rules and limits will not be as pie-eyed when it comes to a father and his kids his eternal love for them will allow him to break the rules sometimes.The kids love for their father will allow them to get closer to him closeness that can never exist between a captain and his crew. Whitman sees Lincoln as the captain of the ship scarce also as the father of the citizens. To him, Lincoln was a unique leader he had the qualities of a captain and the qualities of a father. Lincoln was able to set the inevitable rules and restrictions in order to overcome the challenges arose by the civil war. He knew how to lead the country in the right direction towards victory. But, he was also a father.Every one of his acts and decisions were enveloped with true love towards his citizens. I have recently watched the movie Dead Poet society. The movie talks about an English learner who comes to teach a group of privileged students. Through out the movie, the students refer to their new teacher as their captain. They feel for their teacher what Whitman felt for Lincoln. They view the teacher as the per intelligence who guides them through the learning process of poetry, but they also, like Whitman, feel that every act or step that was made by the teacher is enveloped with love for his beloved students.Whitman refe rs to Lincoln as a father only in the second and third separates but not in the first one. The first paragraph talks about the victory, the steadiness and the happiness of the country and its citizens. Whitman doesnt see Lincoln in his weak moments he sees him as a captain, a strong figure that every one admires. The other two paragraphs talk about the death of the strong man, the captain. In these moments, Whitman feels close to him, he cares for him like a son cares for his dying father he wants to help him.

Boy in Striped Pajamas

son IN THE STRIPED PYJAMAS TOPIC 2 In the novel Boy in The Striped Pyjamas, damage and discrimination are shown to have many a(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) negative effects on many of the characters a good deal(prenominal) as Bruno, Shumel, Father, bewilder and Kotler. In my essay I will explore this idea in relation to the novel. Discrimination, (or in other words negatively putting someone down but not physical ache or touching them in any instruction) is taken place in Boy in The Striped Pyjamas by many different people such as Gretel, by following Kotlers decisions Gretel is discriminating because she is sustenance the Germans belief.Prejudice on the other hand, (is another word for negative physical contact such as kicking, hit or even killing) in Boy in Striped Pyjamas this is shown by the Father, Hitler. likewise Kotler beating up Pavel over he had miss poured the wine. One of the most obvious examples of discrimination in this novel is the slow-wittedness ca mpsite and the negative effect it has on the Jewish prisoners. The fence that is separating Bruno and Shumel is in that location for a reason because of race, faith and culture. Shumel is living in fear, depression and is slowly emaciated, not only does he disembodied spirit sad and spaced it is how he has been treated.In the book the writer says that Bruno looks and Shumel and He stares at the floor and looking as if he was nerve-racking to convince his soul not to live inside his tiny body any longer he sits there in the rough dirty ground. Pavel is the butler at Brunos house and is similarly a Jew, standardised Shumel. When Bruno hurts himself on the tire swing he scrams across Pavel and learns a bit or so him. That he was a doctor but then got taken into the concentration camp and got everything taken by from him his clothes, family and food. Bruno was surprised and puzzled.Later on when Kotler comes to Brunos house form dinner Kotler get goings mad at a conversation they were having and his temper rises. Kotler investigates Pavel for wine, he had become weak and was trembling and limping a handsome amount, Pavel he spills the wine all over Kotler and end up with Pavel in a serious condition. disrespect the to a greater extent omnipotent position of the Germans, the discrimination that takes place in the novel affects all the characters negatively. Mother is panicky of the concentration camp being too close to the house and is scared of the terrifying consequences it could, and did lead to.When Bruno and Shumel knew more around separately other and realised that they werent meant to be friends but they looked further than that. Once Bruno and Shumel became greater friends Shumel asked Bruno a favour, to come over that side of the fence to find Shumels father. When Bruno accepts and goes ahead with it they get in trouble and get cramped in tightly by groups of 100s and 100s of adults they get sucked into the suck chamber and Bruno and Shu mel die. The act of discrimination and prejudice ultimately led to the death of Bruno and Shumels life.Father, Hitler and Kotler were the three master(prenominal) prejudice leaders in this novel Father the commandant directing the soldiers to put down the The Final root led to death for all Jews and sadly Bruno and Shumel as well. Father never matt-up the same way again he felt guilty that they had taken away so many lives, innocent lives and couldnt even imagine how so many of them felt like that for most of their lives. Mother wasnt contented about the decision in the first place and felt unsecure about the self-colored Out-with thing, she knew it would end up to something bad but did expect it like that.By the end of the novel Father was shocked, distress and very brokenhearted about Brunos death and realised that he hadnt taken much notice of Bruno public treasury then. When the soldiers took him away, because he wasnt doing his job properly he didnt care what they did or where going to do all he cared about was Bruno and his Family. Eventually they all moved back to Berlin after(prenominal) a some weeks, which was also not much different because of grandmother, but they couldnt handle the torture in Out-with. however no matter where they are in the world, they will never forget about Bruno, ever.Boy in Striped PajamasBOY IN THE STRIPED PYJAMAS TOPIC 2 In the novel Boy in The Striped Pyjamas, prejudice and discrimination are shown to have many negative effects on many of the characters such as Bruno, Shumel, Father, Mother and Kotler. In my essay I will explore this idea in relation to the novel. Discrimination, (or in other words negatively putting someone down but not physical hurting or touching them in anyway) is taken place in Boy in The Striped Pyjamas by many different people such as Gretel, by following Kotlers decisions Gretel is discriminating because she is supporting the Germans belief.Prejudice on the other hand, (is another word fo r negative physical contact such as kicking, hitting or even killing) in Boy in Striped Pyjamas this is shown by the Father, Hitler. Also Kotler beating up Pavel over he had miss poured the wine. One of the most obvious examples of discrimination in this novel is the concentration camp and the negative effect it has on the Jewish prisoners. The fence that is separating Bruno and Shumel is there for a reason because of race, religion and culture. Shumel is living in fear, depression and is slowly emaciated, not only does he feel sad and isolated it is how he has been treated.In the book the writer says that Bruno looks and Shumel and He stares at the floor and looking as if he was trying to convince his soul not to live inside his tiny body anymore he sits there in the rough dirty ground. Pavel is the butler at Brunos house and is also a Jew, like Shumel. When Bruno hurts himself on the tire swing he comes across Pavel and learns a bit about him. That he was a doctor but then got tak en into the concentration camp and got everything taken away from him his clothes, family and food. Bruno was surprised and puzzled.Later on when Kotler comes to Brunos house form dinner Kotler gets mad at a conversation they were having and his temper rises. Kotler asks Pavel for wine, he had become weak and was trembling and limping a fair amount, Pavel he spills the wine all over Kotler and end up with Pavel in a serious condition. Despite the more powerful position of the Germans, the discrimination that takes place in the novel affects all the characters negatively. Mother is afraid of the concentration camp being too close to the house and is scared of the terrifying consequences it could, and did lead to.When Bruno and Shumel knew more about each other and realised that they werent meant to be friends but they looked further than that. Once Bruno and Shumel became greater friends Shumel asked Bruno a favour, to come over that side of the fence to find Shumels father. When Bru no accepts and goes ahead with it they get in trouble and get cramped in tightly by groups of 100s and 100s of adults they get sucked into the gas chamber and Bruno and Shumel die. The act of discrimination and prejudice ultimately led to the death of Bruno and Shumels life.Father, Hitler and Kotler were the three main prejudice leaders in this novel Father the commandant directing the soldiers to complete the The Final Solution led to death for all Jews and sadly Bruno and Shumel as well. Father never felt the same way again he felt guilty that they had taken away so many lives, innocent lives and couldnt even imagine how so many of them felt like that for most of their lives. Mother wasnt happy about the decision in the first place and felt unsecure about the whole Out-with thing, she knew it would end up to something bad but did expect it like that.By the end of the novel Father was shocked, distressed and very heartbroken about Brunos death and realised that he hadnt taken much notice of Bruno till then. When the soldiers took him away, because he wasnt doing his job properly he didnt care what they did or where going to do all he cared about was Bruno and his Family. Eventually they all moved back to Berlin after a few weeks, which was also not much different because of grandmother, but they couldnt handle the pain in Out-with. But no matter where they are in the world, they will never forget about Bruno, ever.

Second Foundation 17. War

The mayor of the creation brushed futilely at the picket fence of hair that rimmed his skull. He sighed. The years that we get hold of wasted the chances we have thrown away. I make no recriminations, Dr. Darell, just now we deserve defeat.Darell utter, quietly, I see no antecedent for lack of confidence in events, sir.Lack of confidence Lack of confidence By the Galaxy, Dr. Darell, on what would you make any other attitude? Come here-He half-led half-forced Darell toward the limpid ovoid cradled gracefully on its flyspeck force-field support. At a touch of the mayors hand, it glowed indoors an accurate three-di handssional assume of the Galactic double-spiral.In yellow, utter the mayor, excitedly, we have that region of lacuna under fundament control in red, that under Kalgan.What Darell saw was a crimson sphere resting within a stretching yellow fist that surrounded it on on the whole locations but that toward the center of the Galaxy.Galactography, said the mayor, i s our greatest resistance. Our admirals make no secret of our almost hopeless, strategic position. Observe. The enemy has inner lines of communication. He is concentrated can meet us on exclusively sides with equal ease. He can defend himself with minimum force.We are expanded. The average distance between inhabited systems within the Foundation is nearly three times that within Kalgan. To go from Santanni to Locris, for instance, is a voyage of twenty-five hundred parsecs for us, but only eight hundred parsecs for them, if we remain within our respective territories-Darell said, I understand all that, sir.And you do not understand that it may mean defeat.There is more than distance to war. I say we cannot lose. It is kinda impossible.And why do you say that?Because of my own interpretation of the Seldon Plan.Oh, the mayors lips twisted, and the hands behind his back flapped one within the other, then you rely, too, on the mystical help of the Second Foundation.No. Merely on the help of inevitableness and of courage and persistence.And yet behind his easy confidence, he wondered-What if-Well- What if Anthor were estimable, and Kalgan were a direct tool of the mental wizards. What if it was their persona to defeat and destroy the Foundation. No It made no senseAnd yet-He smiled bitterly. Always the same. Always that peering and peering finished the opaque granite which, to the enemy, was so transparent.Nor were the galactographic verities of the situation lost upon Stettin.***The Lord of Kalgan stood before a twin of the Galactic model which the mayor and Darell had inspected. Except that where the mayor frowned, Stettin smiled.His admirals uniform glistered imposingly upon his massive figure. The crimson sash of the Order of the scuff awarded him by the former First Citizen whom six months later he had replaced somewhat forcefully, spanned his chest diagonally from right shoulder to waist. The Silver Star with Double Comets and Swords sparkled brillia ntly upon his left shoulder.He addressed the six men of his general staff whose uniforms were only less grandiloquent than his own, and his First Minister as well, thin and grayness a darkling cobweb, lost in the brightness.Stettin said, I think the decisions are clear. We can afford to wait. To them, each day of delay give be another blow at their morale. If they attempt to defend all portions of their realm, they will be spread thin and we can strike through in two coincidental thrusts here and here. He indicated the directions on the Galactic model two lances of pure white shooting through the yellow fist from the red ball it inclosed, cutting Terminus off on either side in a tight arc. In such a manner, we cut their fleet into three move which can be defeated in detail. If they concentrate, they give up two-thirds of their dominions voluntarily and will probably gamble rebellion.The First Ministers thin voice alone seeped through the hush that followed. In six months, h e said, the Foundation will grow six months stronger. Their resources are greater, as we all know, their navy is numerically stronger their manpower is well-nigh inexhaustible. Perhaps a quick thrust would be safer.His was easily the least influential voice in the room. Lord Stettin smiled and made a flat gesture with his hand. The six months or a year, if necessary will cost us nothing. The men of the Foundation cannot prepare they are ideologically incapable of it. It is in their really philosophy to believe that the Second Foundation will save them. But not this time, eh?The men in the room stirred uneasily.You lack confidence, I believe, said Stettin, frigidly. Is it necessary once again to describe the reports of our agents in Foundation territory, or to repeat the findings of Mr. Homir Munn, the Foundation agent now in our uh service? Let us adjourn, gentlemen.Stettin returned to his private chambers with a fixed smile still on his face. He sometimes wondered approximatel y this Homir Munn. A queer water-spined fellow who certainly did not bear out his early promise. And yet he crawled with interesting information that carried conviction with it particularly when Callia was present.His smile broadened. That fat fool had her uses, after all. At least, she got more with her wheedling out of Munn than he could, and with less trouble. Why not give her to Munn? He frowned. Callia. She and her stupid jealousy. Space If he still had the Darell girl- Why hadnt he ground her skull to powder for that?He couldnt quite put his figure on the reason.Maybe because she got along with Munn. And he needed Munn. It was Munn, for instance, who had demonstrated that, at least in the touch of the Mule, there was no Second Foundation. His admirals needed that assurance.He would have liked to make the proofs public, but it was wear to let the Foundation believe in their nonexistent help. Was it actually Callia who had pointed that out? Thats right. She had said-Oh, nons ense She couldnt have said anything.And yet-He shook his head to clear it and passed on.

Gun Ban in America Essay

In 2012, the most serious topics that muckle always talking about is hired gun ban. Most of batch voted for ban guns after the Connecticuts shooting incident. There be a considerably deal of children died in the elementary school, and Ameri lowlifes realized the bad effects about selling guns leg anyy in some(prenominal) states. There are at least four shooting incidents each year. People may hold it is the time to ban Americas guns now, but in fact it is not the guns fault. For my part, guns should not be banned, and people have the right to have guns ownership. Most people know that guns are one of Americas finishing, just like the marijuana. People know what are illegal things, but they will still find a way to obtain them. So, banned guns cigarettet pr regular(a)t criminals. If the guns banned, criminal gutter still use other weapons to kill people.For example, in 1976, chapiter DC is illegal to own either handguns or to keep any type of guns in category unlocked. However, Washington DC has the most criminal rates in united states. Whenever the guns is illegally, criminals can make any weapons, such as bombs, criminals can make bombs by themselves. Most of time, its the personals problems, criminals who caught by police always have mental ill or they dissatisfying about this country. Therefore, Government need military force the gun education and some safety classes about using guns. Ban guns is not a good solution, because the problem is not about guns. In addition, ban guns means remove the right to person.In America, people are highly regard human rights. Giving up rights to bear arms would open up a world of control and unnecessary chaos. Some people have guns just for hunting, and they think guns are useful. Some of gun owner using guns in shooting range, they think it is their entertainment. Although, some cities made the announcement of gun ban, people were still reluctant to hand over their guns to Government. If the states that th ey live have banned guns, they can still go to another states to obtain another one. As part of Americans culture and freedom, it is impossible to ban guns exhaustive because of the different constitutions between states.Finally, the last reason that guns should not be banned, because guns can protect people. Except this criminals, most of people know how to use handguns, and they are using guns to protect their families. What if someone invade their house and pointing a gun at them, they can not wait until the police come. If that happens, no one will be safe. If a person wants to kill people, he will think all the way to hurt people even he did not have guns.However, what if the normal people does not have the guns to protect them when they meet some incidents. Guns always give people a sense of security, even they just locked them at their house. In conclusion, ban guns is not a big deal in America. jibe to Washington DCs criminal rates, it did not decrease the criminal rates at all. In some cities of America, restricted legislation could not restraint people to crime. Gun ban is only for pro tempore and it is not a permanent solution to this problem.

The New System Proposal: Riordan Cloud System

We would ex careen satis concomitantory to propose a Ordain Cloud organisation portion that go forth maintain al angiotensin-converting enzyme of your re outpution courses, software update, running diagnostics for Routine dusts checks. For long as we all know it testament be a kitty easier for communication within the organization. What is the Cloud System Service? You after part think of take-away take on station because of the fact you feces access is on the World Wide Web or some kind of Wi-If or impinging. Its continuously getable to all users any term and anywhere on an Internet society is that allows you to quickly find ATA, information, applications and tools to financial aid you do your Job to a greater extent efficiently.This cloud dodging inspection and repair go out allow your smart set to constitute from any access point to an different access point on your cloud system of rules service site to conduct training with your employees at any time necess ary. This un utilize cloud system service lead incorporate all of the items that you already get under aces skin in the ferment place. The solo foreseeable jobs give be, having hackers to a greater extent frequently trying to breech into the system in prepare to gather information or account details. So as directed to upgrade your servers to the overload of to tonic System Proposal foliateboy 2 handle the increased take shapeload on them as head upgrading your systems or floor.To sword sure no mishaps allow happen. Which life-size portion of your companys resources is fashioning sure that everything and all your systems are install and having the the right way software updates. And this will be an added savings in being able to store much applications, software, and all extremity data entry forms for the company and everything else. That is the close important resources that the company unavoidably to grant a gigantic home. Your Cloud system is going to be a uplifted asset for your business. How do you meet the major demands for speeds and agility sequence keeping most of the cost down.Build on the foundation of your Cloud system with technologies that increase its responsiveness, support, scaling, deployment of applications faster, and enable you to identify insights in your rapidly expanding volumes of data. This provides scaling, performance, foot provisioning, author consumption, and security features you need to power your cloud. After all learning material that is needed for the cloud system service, we are guaranteeing that this will go above and beyond all requirements necessary for the true of your company.For the numbers and costs wise, are magnanimousgest factors to your the old type of systems. use this cloud system service will drastically subject all or any of those numbers and start to raise your workload and performance to achieve the upped most scholar awards to further the surmount interest for your comp any. Also will int destructioned to get your company goes into a path off spic-and-span direction on to unfermenteder technology and tender System Proposal Page 3 developments to be a vast company.One thing that we trying to finish here is when designing this juvenile cloud system service is to reach but more and more people o the fact numbers and start to raise your workload and performance to achieve the upped most scholar awards to further the best interest for your company. Also will intended to get your company goes into a path of a modernistic direction on to bare-asser technology and developments to be a vast company. One thing that we trying to accomplish here is when designing this new cloud system service is to aim but more and more people to the fact that were going to be more portable and on the go.To have a infrastructure is to reciprocate its time for the future to catch up to what we need our company to be. This will be your take care line for your workers to have a larger and more accurate objective on when getting work done to theyre co- workers liking. For those you whom need the more advance technology to have an in depth training on the systems. This cloud system service will be help accomplish new means of the calculator based applications by being more accessible to more people. Then will it get used to it and then which will intend on the patent it or copyright it. Which can increase more Jobs and more r howeverue in the company.Also will get people more familiar with the yester to expand the infrastructure of the company to see how the company uses the cloud system service to puzzle out sure everyone does what thither animadvert to be doing. We want to have a set up so that you will be more advanced with a technology that hasnt been brought to New System Proposal Page 4 any new(prenominal) company to build a watertight and reliable infrastructure to get more business and help no another has success. The application itsel f will ensure that the employee has understood these system and is ready to implement it to the work the is required by them.And likewise to make sure that the employees who view it retains he information system. This will excessively allow the company to reorganize or completely change the lessons in a way Those who need it more easily understand that. I can see that youre going to be asking you, hale what about security concerns with the new system. This is wherefore your system will be a will have to update and maximize your infrastructure and servers. The only way to gain access to the cloud system service is to log into your companys Internet service. This is the most detain way without any new procedures and for no reason to install or get a new system.Our first and only goal is ensure that everyone is receiving the training they need and to maintain the vast infrastructure that were trying to imply here to make you the best of all the up keeping that system and gathering all information that goes with it. They will be required to log in with their surname and password that will be set to expire every 90 days. This will resist any login information from being intercepted by the plastered one that is trying to get into the system from the backbone. This will intend to add a fail-safe in which there is an unlikely event that the network is execute and not detected.Then your information will only be available for a limited time forward the access is or will be denied by the 90-day change. Also there could be a employee label to enable to login with using a Pin code or even a thumbprint to ensure New System Proposal Page 5 meets security measures and allow gain access to the server path in which where the cloud server is maintain and located at. The main benefits that are going to be available from this is that were going to be on you own private cloud system everything in kept up(p) in house. Everything that theIT department is going to is stron g have reliable infrastructures to make sure every issues can be heavily resourced. As its usage can easily run all servers running on the kindred node. With a lack of ease from having a scalable upgraded or downgrading a server will guide manual procedures, which are all fully automated the cloud. Theyre going to update and provide a brain of readiness to this new environment to help us maintain a good relation with no one getting inside of the private cloud system that we are prospered to you today.Some are merely ways of doing tasks, which could be accomplished, usually less well, by other means but most cases, the system could not otherwise be accomplished at all. , whereby using the private key, known only, encrypts data to the owning user. It can only be decrypted using the corresponding personal that can only be the IT department. We will not unspoiled make this system available to anybody or by a trusted infrastructure, which enables and supports this. The crucial fac t to experience in mind is that if anyone or any person except walks into the infrastructure has an importance to the system to make sure no one gains access to system.Page 6 Now that we know what the benefits are of using a private infrastructure, let take a look back at our previous statement to where we tell about using the employees badge as to authenticate the twirl or a smart mailing as you will. You whitethorn be asking yourself, why go done all the extra throw out of kilter of using a smart card or the employees badge to login into this cloud system to help us to see that its all done by in house by your people and there eyes-only. Using the private cloud system it will help to ensure that your network and files stay safe and secure from public infrastructure.As far as omen most of the concerns go, this new system will help with the environment. Since we could apply your current infrastructure this will impose the amount of waste from older systems being trashed or deleted.. except were are going to have to have an updated servers, sows cant take them and re-use them in our new infrastructure but we may ask you to upgrade your Ethernet. The benefits of having this TO Ethernet cable are some(prenominal) another(prenominal). But more off larger scale that needs to incorporate a vast ton of data and information onto your network so that data may be shared and utilized in real time or over a large distance from the rivers.We tactile property that this will help your company. From allowing it to use your cloud system service as a system to maintain itself and make sure its working properly with the infrastructure holding a strong common ground to materials. One of the many an(prenominal) benefits of the TO Ethernet cable is that there are over a vast number of dedicated channels devoted to the network at all times which allows for a 45 Mbps. This is which it wills allows all page 7 of the your files will rapidly move from one section of the o rganization to the other at an amorous speed.The distance of sending and receiving files applications a numerous amounts of data at which intend will no longer be a problem with these kinds of speeds. This will allow the company workers and co- workers to converse amid each other in case something goes wrong or they see a breech in the mainframe. The only way that there is a drawback to this is the type of network is that if it goes down there will is by utilizing the this is self-explanatory but in the end your mind will be blown away from everything that voluminous with it your company will be a priceless because you will save so much time and money.With the server you will be blown away from everything that involved with it your company will be a priceless because you will save so much time and money. With the server you can have an typography of equipment with the ability the have these upgraded servers it holds a strong shield around the company from having a someone Just co ming in the network Just to take useful and important information. There are many options on going to have this cloud system service go from having a the cloud system storage, cloud backup data systems, management system.These systems are one of many that we can also do for the reasoning for that were trying to indorse here. With these many options we can build your company to more advancement to make it more marketable. Page 8 This will prove invaluable to your company since there will be no need to physically have your employees, to tell or let other know about problems in the interface dealing with the cloud system in which it will tell everything that going on. This one feature alone could prove the worth in the entire investment, as we are sure you already know.Besides the lack of productiveness among employees on assignment from the older systems where trying to market here a change in today world of working everything from one big infrastructure then Just having many employee s that can do this Just as there daily Job. This would allow the your companys assets to be better maintained in the same amount of work or even turn up fact of 50% more workload and instead of less down time. The second available option is a Bonded TTL infrastructure.This is a system where you can your infrastructure going to any location at the rate mobs per line thus we can have the option can the maximum of iambs. There are advantages and only one injury with this infrastructure that we will go over. The cost is compared too fractional of the TO infrastructure feature, and the limited scalability. Lets get into the cost of this big step of business a telecommunication lines from the cheapest to most expensive as of the following.By these options we can go into slowly stepping up our connection of keeping costs low and increase our bandwidth based on requirement of our new system. This will allow us to reduce startup costs from the needed bandwidth upgrade instead of having a l arge TO line that will meet any demands but increase our costs dramatically. The only disadvantage of this type f setup is its limited New System Proposal Page 9 scalability payable to its cost limitations at bonded TTL lines the cost is greater than that off fractional TO. So in the end you would simply be paying extra for the having multiple bonded TTL lines.The option to upgrade too fractional TO or even a full TO can be made at a later date when a more accurate demand calculation is attained after initial implementation and operation of the new system. To summarize a bandwidth required by the new system. During our initial launch and early operation we will have it built into the connection creating a newer network to eliminate a potential connection issues. This will give us a great idea to where we stand with the output of true bandwidth demand of the new system and can guide us into upgrading into a fractional or full TO at a later date if necessary.Now as we have talked and given you our proposal let us get into why we are going forth with accomplishing all of this work to benefit of the distance of learning. Also with our new system we will have the upped most newest system from file sharing to going ahead and making a system that can mostly do anything to help you with little down time for your employees. In the end this upgrade to your system will benefit all of your current factories, as it will essentially link them all together as one.The concept of having this new system done a network is arouse to many companies. There are many benefits to having access. One great advantage to the Ordain site will be the elimination of buy the farm expenses for the company instructors going all over the place to use page this system and show how it going to work and whats its going to accomplish. This will obviously be easier on the travel budget but will also allow for a greater output f productivity since all employees will be on hand at any given time th rough a cloud system service that will always be at an arms reach.Also making an easier application will improve business communication though out the whole the organization. As say there will be an easier platform for how we work, what goes on, and making sure the company is running a lot smoothly after everything is set up. We are actually consider many other devices and newer technology and also the companies mobile phone as a cloud like service as a device to the offices overseas and other countries after everything is set up and implemented.Computers are necessary for the cloud system service but however we are going to come up with newer and improved services as those like, POI systems and tablets can be implemented over time in the near future we have to do everything one at a time to see how it all work and goes. We will make integration a much simpler process when combining everything to the cloud system services to help mainstream, the new applications to upgrade everythi ng in our path to make sure your company is going to have the best-integrated system that it can have for the twenty-second century.As we look on for the future blessing of Ordain where corporate is a one and only concern. We have the ability for your employees to be able to log in and access many applications, data, files through remote access. It has been proven that learning is page 10 well and every more informational easy when its retained through a newer system the option to have higher speed streaming to simply have everything that employees data right there at a simply log in. Ordain will also receive many boosts in speeds with working with files on their website and other distant servers. Giving the thanks o the higher through put this will create.While some see the upload of files as a minor annoyance with more bandwidth speed and a better infrastructure there will also be a certain benefits of increased of speed. One will be the ability to access files and change them. Co nsidering the fact that Ordain serves as a manufacturing company this could be an important flaw in the material or the finished product are noticed and the production of plastic goods can be shut down while the problem is solved. Here time truly is money. This asset will also help ensure your design has the o ahead on everything they need no matter what. Thank you for taking the time to listen to our proposal.We have covered many areas including, we were here to provide you with a reason why you need to upgrading your system, the security of using a public or private clouding system. Thats ethical to have its concerns and how it will help reduce down time. Upgrading your existing Ethernet lines to a TO connection, and the benefits of why you should upgrade to our cloud system services. One of the many benefits in the areas of your company youre your employees to have a accessible and there willing to being able to virtually truthful all of your companies to one vast infrastructure will probably be the easiest Page 1 1 improvements to give .Security should be a benefit is not overlooked. With companies relying on there so heavily there is a need to protect them at all costs. We have ensured that there are several layers of egis to keep the network running and data safe. Should any questions or concern come along while reading our proposal for your company to have a new an improved like system to have what you need to get the Job done no matter what. Please dont be shy and feel free to give a all, or give us a email.

Code-switching: The Effects for Students and Teachers

IntroductionIn the current world-wide economic climate, the ability to speak English has dumb tack an important business tool. English has essentially become the universal second dustup of the international labour market, and the socio-economic signifi crapperce of this rouse non be overstated (Light, 2007 9). It is now prevalent for many universities across the world to teach courses in English as well the native diction of their country. One of the most apparent consequences of this has been the widespread use of code-switching, where denary nomenclatures are spoken in ordinary communication. As such, code-switching is often seen as a social as well as a lingual medium. This paper will attempt to demonstrate the causes and personal effects of code-switching in bilingual classes.The Definition of Code-switchingCode-switching involves the use of multiple languages, where speakers of additional languages incorporate alternate lingual elements into their source language. As such, cardinal or more languages whitethorn be spoken alternately during a conversation. Chan et al (2009) use in full describe code-switching as the intra-sentential switching of two different languages in a spoken utterance (Chan et al, 2009 281).The Causes and Effects of Using of Code-switching in an Academic mise en sceneThe academic use of code-switching involves a more complex and random effect than can be fully explained by a students ability to speak in a certain language. Recent (debatable) research has place reasons behind the occurrence of code-switching and the extent to which the process of learning has been affected. A large number of situations are considered to be causes of code-switching, one of which is linked to gaps in students lingual ability. As a result, students whitethorn engage in code-switching in order to overcome linguistic shortcomings however this cause whitethorn be considered a weak justification. In other cases, a lack of one or more words i n either language may lead to code-switching. That is to say, bilinguals make clear that they code-switch when they can non find the condemn expression or term. Often the target language simply does not stupefy the exact word needed in order to confine a discussion smoothly, and code-switching is necessary.In addition, code-switching can have a positive impact in an academic context. An important teaching skill is the ability to transfer knowledge to students in a clear and streamlined manner, and so code-switching can be a useful tool in the classroom for two teachers and students (Bista, 2010 1). Code-switching may also be used to emphasize a point, or to add more force to a phrase. On a psychological level, learners often code-switch when they feel tired or angry. For example when the speaker is in a good mood, the appropriate word or expression in their second language is slow identified. However if the speaker is distracted in any way, they may find it difficult to grasp the correct word.In a purely linguistic capacity, code-switching may be used to compliment a statement, where it can particularly reinforce an intention or meaning of the speaker. Although sometimes viewed as linguistic incompetence this is not always the case. Code-switching will often occur when the speaker wishes to compensate for a lack of a literal equivalent in the second language. Baker (2007) describes this well Words or phrases in two languages may not correspond exactly, and the bilingual may switch to one language to express a design that has no equivalent in the culture of the other language (Baker, 2007108).There are also individualized and social reasons for code-switching in that ones choice of words can represent an expression of their personality. Allatson (2007) suggests factors that can lead to code-switching as location, class, gender and age. In addition the relationship between the speakers the formal or intimate nature of the conversation and the social s tatus of the speakers can also be factors (Allatson, 2007 73).Another social business relationship is that speakers tend to code switch to attract watchfulness. In Saudi Arabia, for example, code-switching is often used among teenagers to draw the attention of their colleagues. Furthermore they switch from Arabic to English to show that they are confident about themselves.In general, code-switching effects are widely perceived as negative. Namely, there is a tendency to view code-switching as breastwork to learning and as being disruptive to the learning environment. Accordingly, the practice has been considered as a sign of linguistic deficiency. Li (2008) notes that despite code-switching being commonplace in both the speech and writing of multilingual societies (often with English as the second language), it is usually frowned upon by multilingual speakers within these societies. (Li, 2008 76). In an academic context, studies by Arrifin and Husin (2011) have observed that lea rners with a greater linguistic ability often see code-switching as and obstacle to befitting fluent in a second language. Their findings indicated that students with a degree of competence in English found it difficult to make progress in an environment of code-switching (Arrifin et al, 2011 221). Other studies have reached similar conclusions. Bista (2010) conducted a field of study in the US which found that code-switching not only had a negative impact on the linguistic learning ability of students, but also highlighted lack of ability in the second language as a primary cause of code-switching (Bista, 2010 1).Others have a different view however, in particular that code-switching may be perceived as linguistic resourcefulness. Baker (2007) argues that users of code-switching show impressive cognitive, linguistic, and social skills. In his view code-switchers may be preserving the meaning of their original statement by overcoming the lack of a suited word in the second langua ge (Baker, 2007 56-57).Surveys of a number of English language students have report that they view code-switching as having a considerable influence on the learning process. From their perspective, code-switching assists in understanding the more complex linguistic elements of the second language. It may also help in the translation from their first language to the target one.ConclusionIt may apparently be concluded that the impression of code-switching as a restriction to learning seems to be the prevalent view amongst both learners and teachers, and that any positive effects of code-switching are not nevertheless widely recognised. As a consequence of this, it would be reasonable to assume that the attitude of both teachers and students towards code-switching may have been somewhat influenced by this common viewpoint. In the near future however, signs are that code-switching may possibly be seen as a tool for learning. In that event, some restrictions on the use of code-switchin g essential be established by teachers in the classroom, and learners should code-switch only when there is an in urgent case. Eventually, it might yet become a beneficial tool for both learners and teachers.ReferencesAllatson, P., 2007. Key terms in Latino/a cultural and literary studies, Oxford Blackwell.Baker, C., 2007. A Parents and Teachers Guide to Bilingualism, Clevedon MPG Books.Light, I., 2007. Global Entrepreneurship and Transnationalism. In Ed. L. Paul Dana. Handbook of Research on Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurship a Co-evolutionary View on Resource Management, Cheltenham Edward Elgar Publishing. pp.3-15.Arrifin, K. and M. Susanti Husin, 2011. Code-switching and Code-mixing of English and Bahasa Malaysia in Content-Based Classrooms Frequency and Attitudes. The linguistics Journal, June, pp.220-47.Bista, K., 2010. Factors of Code Switching among Bilingual English Students In the University Classroom A Survey. English for special(prenominal) Purposes World, Volume 9, pp.1 -19.Chan, J. Y. C., H. Cao, P. C. Ching, T. Lee, 2009. Automatic Recognition of Cantonese-English Code-Mixing Speech. Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processes, September, pp.281-304.Li, D. C. S., 2008. Understanding coalesce Code and Classroom Code-Switching Myths and Realities. New Horizons in Education, December, pp.75-87.